Pollution Prevention Essay Example for Free

Pollution Prevention EssayIn the article written by Chris Wiant entitled What is the P2 trend all about, and how argon environmental wellness professionals involved? , discussed the history, objectives and significance of the U. S. environmental Protection Agencys pollution prevention (P2) political program to the environment and public health. In the first 70s, there was already a conscious effort in protecting the nations vital natural resources which was pioneered by Congress.But EPA wanted to turn out their strategy in environmental protection which resulted to the birth of the P2 program. The main thrust of the pollution prevention program is to encourage companies to get involve in the alliance level by taking the initiative in becoming leaders in protecting the environment. In addition, the application of the program has facilitated the identification of its potential for world-shaking economic benefits by avoiding the need for treatment at the end-of-the-pipe. Sinc e P2 has been well received by businesses and its positive benefits are eminent, the next challenge is how to institutionalize P2 as a standard business practice, and 2) how to get businesses and communities to see that P2 can be a pathway to a new partnership between them (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). Moreover, the pollution prevention program is not only a directive that is focused on conservation and preservation of the natural resources. It is more directed on the sustainable maintenance of the activities that were already started by companies and the EPA but in a bigger scale.The certainty of the success of the program can only be guaranteed if all sectors of the society leave manoeuvre hand in hand in order to achieve a single goal which is to reduce the damage inflicted to the environment. Another aspect of the P2 program that is very(prenominal) appealing is its emphasis on preventive measures. Its design of reducing the emission of toxic substances into the environment, focusing on the manufacturing process as the point in which to prevail toxin emissions, is an innovative idea that will dramatically trim down the production of harmful substances.Through this approach, a potential problem can be turn to at its initial stage. Instead of using the end-of the-pipe strategy, businesses can already start with prevention during the manufacturing process. As a result, massive damages to the environment can be avoided and it can also eliminate the risk of inflicting impairment to the publics health. Also, it can significantly reduce the cost for businesses in decreasing their toxic emissions. It is comparable shooting 2 birds in 1 stone because companies can save a lot of money and time by just implementing the P2 program in their business procedures.By mandating business to utilize the P2 program, changes in common business practices will occur. But this alteration would be for the overall improvement of the policies and procedures of a company. Moreover, in a community that practices such programs, the quality of life of the people will greatly improve and the relationship of coexistence between man and nature will await to flourish for the better (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). However, the only concern for the P2 program is its standardization and the assurance of having a productive relationship between the community and businesses.It is essential that companies follow a set of standard procedures in order for the end results to be predictable. Institutionalizing P2 as a standard business practice will eliminate different interpretations and implementations which will boost the focus in protecting the environment and public health. On the other hand, this can only be put into reality if environmental health professionals as well as business leaders who utilize the P2 program will get involve in an intensified information campaign to drive the concept, benefits and practicality of the program.Overall the P2 program is a notable undertaking th at is very much necessary in the modern society. Through this, the environment and the publics health will be safeguarded from the destructive products brought by development or progress. Works Cited Wiant, C. J. (1997). What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?. Journal of Environmental Health, 59, 24.

Foreign Cultures Essay Example for Free

Foreign Cultures EssayThe problem of the students who have to learn foreign cultures or not had concerned a number of people. Some individuals advocate that the students argon just need to realise their own country culture.However, their are a large group of opponents have an opposite perspective. As far as I concerned,The students in college are necessary to know the foreign cultures. Most of the student will go to other countries in the future for their jobs or visit their relatives or friends. So they have to know some foreign cultures for the convenience and live without troubles. If you are a tourist on that country, and you know the foreign cultures, you can revel your trip. If you are working on that country, you will put more focus on your work and get more friends. But if you dont know the cultures of the country which you live, you will have a lot of troubles.You can not pay any attention on you major work, you will not bright because some awkward things will happ en. In addition, if you familiar with the cultures of foreign countries, wherever you are you will be the person who is most attractive. A lot of people might think you are real intelligent and know a lot of interesting things and knowledge they dont know. So you might getting a lot of friends who interest you. If you are in the foreign country, you will have live easier and smoother. to get a good job. If you want to be a teacher in the school or a tour guide, you will need this culture a lot. In the conclusion, learning foreign cultures are really helpful, they are a sort of ability that can avoid some embarrassments, and can help you getting more opportunities to make new friends and good jobs in the future.

Ireland Tradition and Dissent Essay Example for Free

Ireland Tradition and Dissent EssayThe ii concepts of custom and dissent argon extremely useful in understanding the strengthened heritage of Ireland. To understand the differing attitudes to the built heritage of Ireland is to contemplate the diachronical accounts, stories and legends that fabricate traditions and incite dissent. The concept of tradition is associated with the passing down through generations, beliefs, thoughts and actions (tradition, n. d) and dissent derives from a desire to publicly protest against the traditions and against those holding the authority (dissent, n. ).Ireland, the land of saints and scholars (Burke, Watson, and Laurence, 2008), is a atomic number 18a coming to terms with its past by acknowledging the wealth it possesses deep down its built heritage. A past fabricated with tradition and dissent which resulted in the creation of The Irish Free State in 1922, known today as The Republic of Ireland (Hachey, 1996, p. 167). Attitudes to Iris h built heritage have been fashioned through the experiences of a mountain caught in the tides of both tradition and dissent.From the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century to the creation of the Irish Republic, in 1922, Ireland had been battling with an apparent drive by Britain to anglicise the isle. Celtic traditions encounter British dissent. Eventually, The Reformation of the 16th century secured a British dominance and thus, new colonial traditions were formed. Oliver Cromwell ensured his plantation policies were implemented, whereby, the Irish- Catholics were expelled from their lands and the British now landlord everywhere the veritable estate and its subservient, Irish -Catholic tenants (Cromwellian-Conquests, n. ).Irelands lost her music, she lost her games, she lost her language and popular literature, and with language she lost her intellectuality (Hyde, as cited in Laurence, 2008, p. 161). The Irish traditions, by way of organized religion and culture, now became the dissent (Hachey, 1996, p. 16). Built heritage is a way to ocularise the changes that endure tradition and dissent within society. Architectural organizes shaping a ornament by reflecting function, wealth, culture or just personal tastes and fashion.Monuments, churches, houses, ring forts are examples of built heritage in Ireland. Nationalists were able to use the power of the most historic and revered identifys to remember the days of a common Gaelic past to restore a sense of nationalism (Laurence, 2008, p. 164). One of the most recognised unutterable sites by the Irish people is Newgrange, built 5200 years ago, the oldest known astronomically aligned structure in the world (Burke, Watson, and Laurence 2008). Tradition was questioned when Newgrange was restored in 1960s by Professor Michael Kelly.He used his own controversial interpretation of how the structure would have appeared by the use of stone on the frontage and its overall appearance. The structure now appears as a 1960s view of a sacred and traditional site (Burke et al. 2008). In the middle of the 20th century, it is intriguing to turn around the ferocity place on the sites of ancient places and sacred spaces (Murphy, as cited in Burke et al. 2008) rather than other structures built whilst under British rule.The Hill of Tara, located in County Meath, is the symbolic capital of Ireland and the seat of ancient high kings. The site became an Irish nationalist symbol when Daniel OConnell, a nationalist leader, assembled over 500,000 people at the site to protest against the lack of elegant rights for Catholics and the oppressive interests of Anglo-Irish landlords (Laurence, 2008, p. 159). This protest resulted in the Catholic Relief Act 1829, whereby, for example, Catholics were now able to sit as members of sevens in Westminster.However, as the majority of Catholics were unable to afford a political career due to the position being unsalaried and parliamentary sessions were held at Westmi nster, capital of the United Kingdom the opportunities in politics were very unlikely (McCaffrey, 1996, p. 27). This small step to independence by a group of dissenters was able to use the built heritage site of Tara to invoke within the Irish people a sense of their lost traditionalism and new found fervor for nationalism (Laurence, 2008, p. 159).Nevertheless, the continual dominance of British rule saw no substantial genial and economic changes for Catholics as they were stillsteeped in habitual misery (Finn Lynch, 1995, p. 24). At Daniel OConnells entombment site, his supporters erected the tallest round tower in Ireland. The round tower is a historical symbol of Irish Christianity. This enabled dissenters to create new traditions to speak to future generations through the visual power of a symbolic monument.At his request, O Connells heart was buried in Rome, the home of the Catholic Church (Burke et al. 008) By the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Cromwellian policie s of plantation and land confiscation were evident on the landscapes of country estates. Landownership was the domain of the privileged minority. In 1804, up to 10,000 landlords, within a population of 5. 4 million, were almost exclusively Protestant only 5% of land in Catholic hands (History of Landed Estates in Ireland, n. d). This leads to another asset to the built heritage of Ireland, known as The cosmic House. The Big House is the country residence of the landlord.At the beginning of the century, over 4,000 Big Houses glorified the landscape. Today, the bit is less than 100. These grand houses, many built during the 18th century golden age produced the most ornate and sophisticated architecture, together with highly crafted workmanship. The presence of these houses reflected the social and economic dominance over the generations of landed Anglo-Irish families (History of Landed Estates in Ireland, n. d). On creation of the Republic, the Big House was deemed a domineering sym bol of Anglo-Irish oppression.The civil war 1916-1923 had resulted in approximately 300 houses being burned for political or military reasons (Burke et al. 2008). Social chaos stirred on by agrarian agitators may also have lead to the abandonment of other houses and the perception of reversing Cromwellian policy(Dooley as cited in Burke et al. 2008) resulted in the destruction of The Big Houses as justification of British oppression (Burke et al. 2008). Various Land Acts after the civil war caused the power of the Anglo-Irish landlord to diminish (History of Landed Estates in Ireland, n. ).As a consequence of civil war, the collateral damage of war-torn buildings scarred the streets in Dublin. The Office of Public Works undertook a rebuilding program for rough integral, functional buildings, for example, the General Post Office and the Customs House (Burke et al. 2008). These traditional buildings, built under the control of British authority were to become iconic within the new Re public.The General Post Office was an emotive building which served as the base for nationalists during the Easter Rising 1916 and thus, out of an act of issent against the ruling British , nationalists were to see the formation of new traditions a new republic rise out of the rubble. At the time of reconstruction after civil war, the National Monuments Bill ensured the security measures of heritage sites built after 1700 and only Irish materials would be used in restoration work. This creation of new tradition, written in law, is evident on The Customs House. The rebuilding of the prominent dome, atop The Customs House, with dark Irish limestone appears to overpower the white English Portland stone.The image evokes a feeling of nationalism over colonialism dissent over tradition (Burke et al. 2008). On the other hand, other buildings were left abandoned for emotive as well as economic reasons, due to their connections with British rule. Examples of this neglect were Dublin Castl e, the seat of British power and The Royal Hospital Kilmainham, a former military hospital and a home for retired British soldiers until 1927 (Burke et al. 2008). The two abandoned buildings, along with the Big Houses, were the symbols of colonial rule and colonial traditions.The oppressive conditions the Irish had to contend with for so many generations were witnessed through these buildings. Colonial traditions of built heritage, seen as scars on the landscape, seem to have eroded with time as a synergy is formed between the perils of the past and the creation of a countrys identity, to be worn as a sense of pride (Burke et al. 2008). A turning point for the built heritage of Ireland, being appreciated as a valuable asset of the past, occurred at the time of start into the European Community in 1973 (Burke et al. 2008).Acceptance of the Republics own identity and worth on the world stage seems to have empowered Irish society to value its rich past alongside its built heritage. Wi thin the past twenty years, the Irish Republics economic and social confidence has resulted in the proliferation of restoration works on many historic landmarks of the city. The attitudes invoke a feeling of woful on from a difficult, complicated past and this reverberates through the stone (Burke et al. 2008). The once abandoned Dublin Castle is now a majestic place where the inauguration of the President occurs and state functions are held.The Royal Hospital Kilmainham, now the site of the Irish Museum of Modern Art, a historic building utilised as a creative space to represent the future (Burke et al. 2008). The past dissent is used as a platform to reinvent the city and to showcase the wonders of its traditional guile and local materials. The architecture and craftsmanship of the Big Houses are today being recognised also as highly valued from cultural, historical and educational viewpoints (OBrien and Guinness, 1993, p. 11). Today, restoration of the houses shows an appreciat ion of the golden age.Support from the Irish Georgian Society and The Heritage Council enables the homes to be opened to the public and for the owners to be educated in prudish restorative practices (Irish Georgian Society, 2010 The Heritage Council, n. d). Today, Irelands built heritage from Newgrange to the Museum of Modern Art is being seen by the rest of the world for its architectural glory and historic significance as well as contributing to contemporary society. Moreover, to understand the attitudes to the built heritage of Ireland is to accept that the concepts of tradition and dissent are very useful.The views of a traditionalist or the views of a dissenter cite opposing attitudes to their built heritage. The visual nature of built heritage enables the attitudes of the people to be reflected in the way they revere or revile the society in which they live. Irish dissent rising from the dominance of British tradition has developed through time the sense of pride and the nati onalism of a Republic. This vision of nationalism now empowers the people to be trusting caretakers to their own built heritage.

Business Mgt Essay Example for Free

Business Mgt EssayPart I. Assume you shit taken over responsibility to play the lead Information engineering (IT) prudence berth in Magnum Enterprises. Your boss, Rachel Heigl, is Magnums CIO. The IT heed group is comprised of six people who you testament be supervising. Ms. Heigl is an enlightened manager, and she believes that if you argon to carry tabu your responsibilities potently, you fatality to drub with her in defining your IT management role. As a first step, she invites you to write a short statement where you describe what you see to be your role as head of the IT management effort at Magnum. Proper IT Management requires researching and discerning randomness technology as a follow resource head both operational and crucial company capabilities. Using information technology to maximize satisfaction of the customer alongside productivity and profitability will crack that our competiveness with other argumentation stays at a maximum.In turn IT can make b usiness processes more effective and efficient to provide verbalise resources to customers. The lead IT sh exclusively ensure performance of the company through managing technology while encompassing priorities of the business into the role. Striving to be a partner with great scuttle this business will discover its leader will admit accomplished and achieved what they desired. My first role of business would be to establish the parameters and to understand the IT whopledge aras. These atomic number 18 made up of development processes management challenges information technologies, business applications and foundation concepts. Concepts of the foundation be making sure the role of information systems paired with business and technical concepts argon a familiarity with the end white plaguer. Familiarity of concepts in entry level information systems bind with a competitive strategy can lead to an overcome strategic advantage.Educating Magnums team up upon the significance of information technology with the three roles that the business world performs in order to combine business management, software, and hardware capabilities. At the Management level, decision making would lead to significant improvements for IT utilization. Business operations see information systems as a huge indorse to review and fool entropy from financial operations, managing manufacturing processes that are very sophisticated, ledeing company inventory, and productivity. The procedure of metrics paired with identifying trends to help aceself the company in making informed decisions smart to provide information about our competitors. ITis implementd quite often to provide a strategic support advantage for the company. Automated inventory and ordering systems an assist with the savings costs. With this information we would need to review our mission statement that identifies the companys functions, provides oversight on the overall goal, a sense of direction, and guides decision making. analyze and development towards understanding how we generate money and ensuring a customer base for our company. Envisioning the business syllabus, mission, with current IT structure and the ability to communicate with senior lead will guide me with necessary tools to assist the Chief Information Officer (CIO). To ensure a strategic IT plan is created in which will be dual-lane and implemented with my team. Planning to have Magnums team familiar with data resource management capabilities, hardware, intercommunicates, telecommunications, and software in spite of appearance the company is the second area of information systems known as information technologies. In todays society PDAs ( individualized digital assistants IE. Blackberrys ETC.) Personal computers and network servers are integral computer hardware and are crucial in our business surroundings. Being exceedingly knowledgeable is vital to our team troubleshooting and resolving hardware answers alter natively of having to call another company for maintenance.We have the ability to break down our companys software into two categories, application software and system software. some(prenominal) types normally off the consumer shelf as commercial software instead of having an expendee on the team write the software codes for these programs. I plan to ensure my teams are extremely familiar with all software programs and have a firm foundation when troubleshooting and resolving technical issues. Additionally, if not already formed, I will make up a configuration dominance board and implement test scenarios to ensure future hardware and software being purchased will not have compatibility issues. to a fault a part of information technologies is data resource management. This is essential in sustaining and maintaining our company. We will require a database management system of good quality that is dependent of data consolidating into a database in turn can be accessed my several(p renominal)(prenominal) program applications.Within the past fifteen to twenty years networks and telecommunications software have played a vital role. To ensure the expansion and growth for Magnum Enterprises, we will need out network to be lie inent, reliable, monetary sufficient. I would prepare the team toeither install or review and change as needed our network management system that assists with traffic management, capacity planning, network monitoring, and security in essence that our system will grow and change with modern day business culture and practices as the company expands. In order to have the roughly dependable and proven with the cost of it a ring network should be put into place. The next area, development processes, deals with designing, planning, identifying ideas, and implementing information systems to meet potential business opportunities. It is fine that we ensure our business management capabilities alongside our hardware and software are integrated succes sfully within our company. Basis within the development process and depending upon the circumstance, thither are a couple of processes we want our team to employ as resolving problems com along with our business systems. Those processes are considered or known as the prototyping improvement and he systems development life-cycle.The synopsis of prototyping involves quickly underdeveloped or constructing test modules of a desired system in which we will engage when we cannot posit or classify the end user requirements. These systems would be used to assist our personnel with the capabilities to design or create an information system that will be a priori and easy to navigate for consumers. Prototyping involves four steps with the first being investigation and analysis step. This step, requirements grouped and defined. Second, is the analysis and design step in which a example is developed and constructed to meet consumer business requirements. Next, in the design and implementati on, this finalizes the model that was tested and begins the initial installation. The last step to this four step process is implementation and maintenance, which would consist of the business system being accepted, used, and maintained. Prototyping advantages are decrease in the development time, development costs and requires user involvement. This generates higher satisfaction results. I plan to employ this type of approach to small initiatives.The next area is business application for information systems. This will consist of being familiar with commerce and business applications for our employees and which are used within the company to make strategic leadership and management decisions. A few of the most used business applications within a bulk of companies are accounting, human resource management, enterprise resource planning, supply chain management, customer relationship management, financial management,and supply chain management. An Architectural picture of or IT busines s applications will ensure that I will have familiarity with all applications that we use. This approach will identify the current interrelationships, interfaces with customer, employees, business applications, and stake holders. We will consequently need to review the chart and see if there are any potential process improvements that we can make to integrate those systems cross functionally and aliment operational costs to a minimum. The systems development lifecycle employs the systems approach to create IT solutions.This lifecycle is often utilized for large applications and it is composed of five processes that I expect my team to know and become familiar when employing the systems development lifecycle systems investigation, systems analysis, systems design, systems implementation and systems maintenance. The first process, systems investigation, involves project brainstorming, planning and playing a feasibleness study. During the brainstorming and planning initiative, a pro ject management implementation plan is created identifying the detailed steps that will be accomplished during the creation and development of the system. The feasibility study is critically definitive as this outlines all requirements for the system. It also explores four major areas, organizational, economic, technical, and operational feasibility, which determines if its worthwhile to invest in potential business ventures.In reviewing the organizations feasibility, we need to determine if the system is in line with and supports our companys strategic objectives. The economic feasibility identifies and evaluates the projects tangible and intangible cost and realizes. Technical feasibility is assessed by digesting if the necessary hardware and software will be available or can be developed and tested before implementation. running(a) feasibility is determined by the motivation, desire, willingness, and competence of the stakeholders (management, employees, customers and suppl iers) to use and operate the proposed system. Systems Analysis consists of consolidating requirements and includes a detailed breakdown of the business needs and requirements of the organization. This starts with an organizational analysis from one of the business end users. This individual must be keenly aware of the organizational management structure, business requirements, and current IT systems operations and its proposed relationship with the in the altogetherly created system. approximately of the outputs generated from the systems analysisinclude system flowcharts, data flow diagrams, and connectivity diagrams which aid in the development of the analysis report The next process, systems design, focuses on the design, process diagrams, business rules, and developing specifications for the hardware, software, data resources that will meet the proposed requirements for new business system. The three major outputs produced from the systems design phase are user data, interface, and process design. The fourth process of the systems development lifecycle is system implementation. This encompasses either acquiring the hardware or software or developing it from company resources and then test the products in a test environment to see how well they operate and integrate with your existing IT architecture. If testing goes well, an implementation plan including training end users and developing system documentation will be accomplished prior to incorporating and executing this system within our IT architecture.The final process, systems maintenance consists of consistently monitoring and evaluating the newly implemented system. This also includes correcting errors and discrepancies not identified during the testing phase and continuously making system improvements, advancements and upgrades. The final area of information systems is management challenges. There are numerous challenges that our IT team may be go about with at Magnum Enterprises. One challenge is addressing our security concerns which involve several areas. For instance, our IT team needs be constantly vigilant and on the alert for potential competitors move to or actually hacking into our systems to steal or damage our data. Additionally, we may also be challenged with setting up restrictions and locking down the network for personnel to further use the network and its software applications for official business. Ensuring that our software is controlled and that employees are not il licitly making copies of software for personal use is another area of concern.Preventing computer virus attacks to our network and installing anti-virus software to diagnose and remove computer viruses is of utmost concern. Failure to maintain a secure network can potentially plosive our business from being productive and resulting in thousands of dollars in lost revenue. Additional challenges the IT team may be faced with may involve expanding our infrastructure and network to address our g rowing business. Ensuring our network provides our employees accessibility to the data they need, wherever they require it, regardless of their location will test our innovativeness.The company may not have a backup plan to allow it to operate efficaciously and efficiently in the event of a forced relocation. If that is the case, I will recommend to our management staff that we establish a continuity of operations plan enabling us to relocate with minimum impact to our business operations like a hot site for temporary functionality.In the dynamic world of IT we will ceaselessly be faced with challenges, however, utilizing IT and being on the leading edge of new IT systems provides our business with many benefits and makes our organization more effective and efficient. For example, IT can be used to improve and promote new business processes such as creating an change inventory system which will save money in additional labor costs. Another use of IT in making it more efficient and effective is that using certain software programs enables us to identify and target our top customers in terms of profitability to our business. In summary, IT enables our company to successfully plan, integrate, manage, and carry out strategies which lead to profit.Part II. Six months after you take over the lead IT management role at Magnum, the CIO, Ms. Rachel Heigl, is pleased with your work. She has just attended a coming upon of Magnums executive committee (the committee comprised of the most senior managers of Magnum), where the CEO and Vice President of trade have indicated that Magnums mediocre e-business capabilities must be strengthened. As CIO, Ms. Heigl is given primary responsibility in improving Magnums e-business performance. She in turn puts you in charge of a small task force comprised of representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. In order to advance and improve Magnums e-business performance operations, its vital I estab lish a cohesive team with representatives from the marketing, operations, finance, and legal departments. Their input and perspective is necessary and essential in developing a way ahead and strategic plan for the future of our e-business department. Developing success with our e-business begins with marketing the company.Marketing is concerned with developing and creating an innovative plan so that the product or service can be promoted and sold. Promoting our products and services are key and critical in attracting new customers as well as maintaining our current customer base. It is important that I develop an understanding of the marketing role and how it can benefitby using Information Technology systems. Marketing information systems support well established and e-commerce processes that sustain major elements within the marketing function and is depict as a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distri bute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision makers to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control.The major components of marketing information systems include interactive marketing, sales force automation, customer relationship management, sales management, product management, targeted marketing, and market research. Two of the seven components I will be discussing are interactive marketing and customer relationship management. In our environment today, marketing information systems aid marketing personnel in a variety of tasks associated with branding products and customer service initiatives. For instance, interactive marketing is largely dependent on utilizing the internet, which permits the business and its customers and potential customers to become partners in developing, socializing, acquiring and march on products and services. With the IT department enabling this type of communication, the company benefits from generatin g new ideas for other products and services as well as establishing strong customer loyalty. Another area within the marketing information systems is Customer Relationship Management (CRM).This incorporates and automates many customer service processes. It consists of utilizing an IT framework to construct, automate, and integrate marketing processes with the companys business operations. CRM is commonly comprised of a software suite that allows a business to provide efficient, effective and reliable service to its customers. Additionally, CRM permits a company to identify and target their most important customers as well as facilitate real-time customization of products and services based on the customers wants and desires. Understanding the marketing departments views and concerns enables the IT department to implement and install an IT infrastructure that will be capable of supporting various information technologies. Some of the benefits that can be obtained from the marketing department are an opportunity to gain sales and revenue, a chance to touch new market areas, 24/7 accessibility for the customer, and more flexibility and convenience for the customers.The intersection and operations function is supported bymanufacturing information systems. Manufacturing information systems are designed to be used specifically in an operations and production environment. divers(prenominal) types of manufacturing information systems consist of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), process control, machine control and robotics. CIM involves using computers to control the total manufacturing process, from design to distribution, to produce produces products of the highest caliber. Process control involves utilizing computers to care and control continuing physical processes. Machine control consists of using a computer based system to direct the actions of a machine. Robotics involves designing, constructing, and building machines that have the countersign of a computer and human like physical capabilities. Its key I understand how the operations representative depends on these information systems to operate effectively as well as their expectations for these systems. Working together as a team will enable the IT and operations department to develop better ideas to increase the manufacturing and production process.Developing an understanding of all the accounting and financial based systems within our business and discussing these systems with the finance representative enables our IT and finance departments to plan effectively when troubleshooting and performing upgrades. These systems include but are not limited to order processing, inventory control, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, general ledger, cash management, investment management, capital budgeting and financial planning. The success of these systems is integrally affiliated with its information technology and services. For example, the order processing system c aptures and processes customer orders and produces data needed for sales analysis and inventory control and the accounts payable system keeps track of data concerning purchases from and payments to suppliers. Communicating with the finance representative is essential in setting up or modifying these systems to meet the needs of our business. Any interruption or adulteration in service can lead to severe damage to the business and financial services that Magnum Enterprises relies on to function and operate.As with any business, competitors are always looking for an advantage to get them ahead in their particular discipline or industry. Unfortunately, being extremely aggressive and ambitious can sometimes swarm your decision making capabilities to the point that you maybe committing breaking privacy laws and monitoring and copyright violations. As the IT lead manager for Magnum Enterprises, Im charged with ensuring our network infrastructure and IT systems are operating proficiently . However, when it comes to addressing privacy issues from an IT perspective, opinions and viewpoints from a legal expert are necessary. In regards to privacy, several websites accumulate usernames and passwords and personal information such as home addresses and phone numbers without authorization from users.Applying internet monitoring technology within the workplace raises concerns about where the boundaries lie between personal use and public resource use. Copyright concerns and violations has become an issue with the development of the Internet and upgrades to technology. Discussing these concerns with a legal expert and implementing and adhering to strict guidelines will help prevent our company from committing these violations. In addition to the goals of strengthening the capabilities of the e-business, attention must be paid to some key technical challenges. Overseeing secure information throughout our business is extremely difficult to implement and maintain successfully. Key technical issues that may be encountered when re-engineering our e-business include privacy and confidentiality, authenticity, data integrity, access control, availability and infrastructure. Privacy and confidentiality involves businesses defend and securing personal information while being stored or transmitted through email. This can be accomplished by utilizing encryption devices or firewalls.Authentication is used to confirm an individuals identity and during e-business transactions, the purchaser and buyer wants assurance that proper identity is established. A secure way to assist with confirming identity to both individuals is to utilize a virtual private network. Data integrity means the data is correct and has not been altered while being stored or transmitted. The use of firewalls assists in preventing unauthorized users and safeguarding data. Another way to ensure data integrity is through the use of antivirus software which also aids in keeping your data free from v iruses. Access control exists when youre authorizing certain individuals permission to restricted systems or data. Several measures that can help with access control include firewalls, access privileges, passwords, digital certificates and virtual private networks.Availability is an issue when customers and employers need informationwithout any disruptions. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) systems, data backups and the use of anti-virus software assist with ensuring data is always available. Our e-business infrastructure constantly needs to be monitored to ensure its meeting the needs of our business. An infrastructure that is unable to consistently support the network traffic load can potentially cost our company thousands of dollars in lost sales. If the network is continually slow, increasing the speed of the network rear will assist in providing faster and reliable support for our customers. In addition to increasing the speed of the network backbone, implementing cross-functio nal enterprise systems will assist in improving critical business processes throughout Magnum enterprises. A final technical challenge is ensuring all of our systems are compatible and can operate on several different hardware platforms. By having this capability, our operating costs from a technical refresh perspective will decrease. While strengthening capabilities and addressing technical issues, there are management challenges within the e-business that must be addressed.As discussed earlier, our team must be vigilant in addressing security challenges such as hacking into our systems, software theft, and protecting our software applications. In addition to security issues, there are ethical concerns that must be addressed. Privacy has always been a serious and contentious issue amongst employers and employees. For instance, computer monitoring is considered by many personnel to be an infringement on the employees privacy and shouldnt be allowed. However, employers argue that sin ce the computer is a company owned resource, they should be allowed to monitor the work of their employer. In reality, many employers are concerned as to whether or not the employee is actually working and producing or just goofing off and surfing the internet. Utilizing IT equipment at work has been mentioned to cause a variety of health issues which management must address.For example, if your job consists of being in expect of a computer all day, some of the health problems you may experience damage to the neck and arm muscles, eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, job stress, paltry posture and poor circulation. Resolutions to some of these health concerns can be through the science of ergonomics. The objective of ergonomics is to devise and create safe health work conditions with the goal of decreasing health issues and increasing employee morale and work productivity. IfMagnum Enterprises has customers internationally, they also may be faced with political, geo-economic and cu ltural challenges. From a political concern, there are countries that have restrictions regulating or denying the transfer of data across their borders which can potentially result in customers or businesses from having to pay import or exporting fees.Geo-economic concerns involve issues such as identifying and locating personnel with IT skills to work at remote sites and communicating with personnel across all 24 time zones. ethnic challenges include differences in languages, cultural interests, religions, customs, social attitudes, and political philosophies. For example, if Magnum Enterprises was conducting a business transaction via a Video Teleconference it would be disrespectful to look them in the eye when introducing yourself. Before meeting an international customer, it would prudent to review their customs and courtesies to ensure a smooth business relationship. Improving Magnums e-business performance faces several challenges. Consulting with key department personnel fr om operations, marketing, finance and legal as well as addressing technical and management obstacles will assist me in charting a plan to put our e-business on the right track towards success.

Indigenous Art, Music and Dance Essay Example for Free

endemic Art, harmony and spring EssayImaginative, finesseistic, captivating and breathe taking atomic number 18 a few speech communication to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian imposturework, medical specialty and dancing. These three aspects of the Indigenous tillage argon also bulge out of the Torres Strait Island finis who unitedly make up 2. 4% of the Australian population (Macklin, 2004). These good deal express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian hi account statement by dint of art work, terpsichore and song. For example, an art composing may be about the creation of the land. medical specialty jackpot interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be chew the fat to the stealing of their children through and through the stolen contemporaries period. Examine Art Art is an of the essence(predicate) part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of th e culture beca mapping its emphasised on au sotic aspects on their muniment. For example, the dot ikons have been part of the Indigenous Australians paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008).Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian art is the oldest ongoing usance of art in the world(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see be rock carvings, torso painting when the Indigenous plurality would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date hindquarters more than 30,000years (Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety only each piece of art work even shows the importance, mixed bag and richness of the Indigenous culture.Different art works thunder mug tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the w tot upe quite a little settling, the death of and aged o r a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders use dot paintings and early(a) paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humankind and are unremarkably stick figures have no flesh. in that respect is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile osseous tissue and showing the flesh inside the form. Rock art is other type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012).It is done by carving the painting or figures into the rock or wall. carcass art is also a form of Indigenous art as body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily machine-accessible to spiritual matters(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we ass analyse what this trope could mean by viewing the following keys Below are the keys Meeting place Tavel capacity Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you ar e to draw a piece of indigenous art victimisation the keys on the PowerPoint.Remeber e h symbol you ise must piddle a story. You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have supplied you with the materials, the art was gathitherd from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past shovel in from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story.The movements vary compared to the movements we see in ballet, jazz or hip hop. The movements arent necessarily the jump around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the Hollow enter drum Sticks Slap sticks Skin drum These styles of movement include whatever of the melodious instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs be hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow enter drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005).To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the imitated bird or animals, could be overlap (Chee, 2012). It is known that songs and dance were exchanged often at elephantine watching gatherings (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the knob tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). end-to-end these dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and gauge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes.These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the winning tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background hoo-hah for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The medicinal drug that is most comm just now heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks. Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a tuneful instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies (Smitz, 2005).This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also used by two mens and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of mus ic.When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes subscribe to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the future(a) step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indgienous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the last, present and future.The Conflicting limiting on 13 March 2013 71641 AM Describe Imaginative, artistic, captivating and breathe taking are a few words to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian art, music and dance. These three aspects of the Indigenous culture are also part of the Torres Strait Island culture who together make up 2. 4% of the Australian population (Macklin, 2004). These people express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian history through art work, dance and song.For example, an art piece may be about the creation of the land. Music can interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be interpreted to the stealing of their children through the stolen generation period. Examine Art Art is an important part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of the culture because its emphasised on certain aspects on their history. For example, the dot paintings have been part of the Indigenous Australians paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008).Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see are rock carvings, body painting when the Indigenous people would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date back more than 30,000years ( Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety but each piece of art work still shows the importance, diversity and richness of the Indigenous culture.Different art works can tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the white people settling, the death of and elder or a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders used dot paintings and other paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humans and are normally stick figures have no flesh. There is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile bone and showing the flesh inside the body. Rock art is another type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012).It is done by carving the painting or figures into the rock or wall. Body art is also a form of Indigenous art as body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily connected to spiritual matters(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we can analyse what this picture could mean by viewing the following keys Below are the keys Meeting place Tavel Message Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you are to draw a piece of indigenous art using the keys on the PowerPoint. Remeber e h symbol you ise must create a story.You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have supplied you with the materials, the art was gathered from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past down from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story. The movements vary compared to the movements we se e in ballet, jazz or hip hop.The movements arent necessarily the jumping around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the, skin drum, hollow log drum, slap sticks and sticks. These styles of movement include some of the musical instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs being hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow log drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005).To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the imitated bird or animals, could be shared (Chee, 2012). It is known that songs and dance were exchanged often at large ceremonial gatherings (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the guest tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). Throughout thes e dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and judge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes.These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the winning tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background noise for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The music that is most commonly heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks. Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a musical instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies (Smitz, 2005).This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also u sed by both mens and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of music.When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes need to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the next step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indigenous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the past, present and future.Dance is used to intimidate animals or other people to tells us a story and when music is played, its normally the didgeridoo whether its for ceremonial reasons or for other purposes. Conflicting modification on 13 March 2013 73501 AM Describe Imaginative, artistic, captivating and breathe taking are a few words to describe the true beauty of Indigenous Australian art, music and dance. These three aspects of the Indigenous culture are also part of the Torres Strait Island culture who together make up 2. 4% of the Australian population (Macklin, 2004).These people express their personal experiences and the Indigenous Australian history through art work, dance and song. For example, an art piece may be about the creation of the land. Music can interpret the sounds of the animals or the hunters and the dance be interpreted to the stealing of their children through the stolen generation period. Examine Art Art is an important part of the Indigenous culture as it has been passed on for generations. It is an important part of the culture because its emphasised on certain aspects on their history. For example, the dot paintings have been part of the Indigenous Australi ans paintings history for thousands of years (Atkinson, 2008).Also, we must take into consideration that Indigenous Australian art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world(Clarity Communications, 2007). Thus making their art a treausred part of Autsralian culture. Other paintings that we see are rock carvings, body painting when the Indigenous people would have a ceremonies. All these art forms date back more than 30,000years (Clarity Communications, 2007). The art work today is produced in a different variety but each piece of art work still shows the importance, diversity and richness of the Indigenous culture.Different art works can tell different stories. These stories could be about the stolen generation, the hunting, the land dying, the white people settling, the death of and elder or a close relative and the journey through an elders eyes. Elders used dot paintings and other paintings such as mimi art which is an art about animals, humans and are normally stick fig ures have no flesh. There is also x-ray art, a traditional style of art that is shown through the fragile bone and showing the flesh inside the body. Rock art is another type of Indigenous art as it one of the most common styles (Banakeem, 2012).It is done by carving the painting or figures into the rock or wall. Body art is also a form of Indigenous art as body painting is passed out within strict conventions that are primarily connected to spiritual matters(Banakeem, 2012). This piece of art work dates back to the early 20thCenturary and we can analyse what this picture could mean by viewing the following keys Below are the keys Meeting place Tavel Message Communities Man Woman We are looking st these key features because in groups of 3 or 4, you are to draw a piece of indigenous art using the keys on the PowerPoint. Remeber e h symbol you ise must create a story.You are to tell a story. As you can see, the making of the art can be fun but its never an easy task. As we have suppli ed you with the materials, the art was gathered from clay or orches. In saying this, we can still enjoy the rich culture of our paintings, the Indigenous paintings. Dance Dance was formed by the earliest Indigenous Australians and has been past down from many generations (Smitz, 2005). Dance is important to us now as we can look at different ways to move, tell a story and be told a story. The movements vary compared to the movements we see in ballet, jazz or hip hop.The movements arent necessarily the jumping around and crawling on the floor- they include their instruments as well. This gathers in the Hollow log drum Sticks Slap sticks Skin drum These styles of movement include some of the musical instruments such as the the slap sticks, which are boomerangs being hit together, skin drums which is using your own body to make a sound, hollow log drums which are a drummed shaped and sticks which are used to hit against the body or can be used to hit against a hard object, for example, a tree or a rock (Smitz, 2005).To incorporate these instruments into the dance was to add another beat so then the imitated bird or animals, could be shared (Chee, 2012). It is known that songs and dance were exchanged often at large ceremonial gatherings (Atkinson, 2008). Often, the indigenous culture would perform to a higher standard to please the guest tribe or to please the elders or spirits (Atkinson, 2008). Throughout these dancers, the elders would come together and analyse the performance and judge this event either themselves, by a spirit or by the tribes.These tribes would be respectful in the decision and teach the winning tribe the dance that they had won or traded. Music Music is an important aspect of the Indigenous culture as they use it as inspiration for a painting, the background noise for a tribal chant and for ceremonial reasons. The music that is most commonly heard is the didgeridoo. Th didgeridoo creates a sound when you use your mouth, lips, nose and cheeks . Smitz (2005) states that the didgeridoo is a musical instrument used for the conducting of ceremonies, however,the didgeridoo is played by a man and it women at ceremonies (Smitz, 2005).This means that at ceremonies, the didgeridoo should only be played by men and not women. However, music was to be listened, and play by men, women and children. It was used to create tribe chants, musical backgrounds for a story Music was also used by both mens and women to create a tribe chants, musical backgrounds for elder stories and for religious purposes. The music brings an important part of the culture to a tip. The didgeridoo is the main component to completing the music for any Indigenous piece of music.When ceremonies occur, there is tradintionally one song and two piece of music because the tribes need to appreciate the elder or elders. The song is the next step bringing the tribe or tribes together through the tribes ceremonial song or chant. This is normally done towards the start of the ceremonies (Atkinson, 2008). Summarise To summarise, art, music and danced are important aspects of the indigenous culture. The art that is created by the Indigenous Australians tells a story. These stories are about the past, present and future. Music is part.

Economic Problem of Pakistan Essay Example for Free

Economic hassle of Pakistan EssayIn this way mentation is the base of our voluntary behavior. Characteristics Of intellection- * Problem- on that point is a certain task, which has no readymade solution underlying each and every persuasion put to work. * Associations- Thinking has a chain of associative thoughts and ideas which help to solve the difficulty. * epitome And Synthesis- Analysis and synthesis ar both use in thinking. Every aspect of enigma is formerly analyzed each and latterly each(prenominal) of these aspects are synthesized to examine the relationship between stimuli and responses. * Presence Of Stimuli-Thinking does non need the presence of stimuli or objects to be sensed. * Physical Condition- The physical cause is at rest during thinking . However, slight movement in the muscles, fingers, hands, arms, shoulders, eyebrows, lips and larynx are noticed in thinking. * Words And Language- Verbal symbols are used in thinking in a sub vocal activity. An individual talks to himself in a low tone * Source Of Knowledge- Thinking is a source of knowledge and is a higher(prenominal) mental process in human beings. Animal also have thinking but lesser then human beings. Animal thinking is purposive in nature and is expressed in the primary stage.Human thinking is more progressive and higher then animals as his life is more complex. Types Of Thinking There are two types of thinking * Autistic or crooked thinking * Realistic or straight thinking * Autistic Thinking- This type of thinking is of free associative ideas in which an individual remains busy in wishful thinking and satisfies his unconscious desires, unsolved fusss and conflicts. It occur when an individual fails to satisfy his desires, fails io achieve his goals and aims of life.Types Of Autistic Thinking It can be further split up into two types * Fantasy or day dreaming * Dreams Realistic or Straight Thinking- Realistic thinking is a process which helps in problem solving in the in truth environment with the use of practical neurophysiologic process of overt behavior in productive and reproductive thinking. Types Of Realistic Thinking It can be further divided into three types * Problem solving * abstract thought * Creative thinking 1-Problem Solving Definition Of Problem- A situation when a person finds any obstacles on the way to goal achievements in a recent and strange situation and he does not have any readymade information or knowledge to apportion with the situation Solution of problem-According to Jackson and Hyson Problem solving is the scientific practical statement of neurophysiologic process instead of theoretical statement of the ingrained thinking process and learning. Problem solving cycle- In short problem solving is a process which occurs in the presence of problem arising situation. Types Of Problem- Problem are categorized in three ways * Arrangement problems Arrangement problem require the problem solver to rearrange or chang e the elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion Example Scrabbles in which we arrange different letters to make speech * Inducing structureInducing structure requires a solver to identify the existing relationship among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them. * transformation problems Problem gives you only the start and end state and the procedure or method to be followed Example The problem of tower of Hanoi, in which 52 sound are to placed using the 3 pegs only with the condition that you cannot place a bigger ring on the smaller one Such problem are solved by the * Knowledge * tryout and error method presented by Thorndike * Insight method presented by Koehler Thorndikes experimentationIn 1898, Thorndike constructed problem boxes made of iron bars for many experiment. He used to imprison the hungry cats in these boxes and kept their food a piece of meat outside. The cats could assemble their food through these problems boxes o r the cages. Food worked as an incentive or positive reinforcement for the cat to come out and get foods. The problem was how to give way the introduction? These doors could be opened by pulling the cord or pressing the lever or by moving clutch Conclusion Of Thorndike look into He observed that the cats sometimes hit their teeth or paw or the nose on the bars and used different method.Accidently they succeeded to open the door He conclude that the animal not only learn by trial and error but also can retain their learning by the method of association of thoughts between past and present experiences. This is bases on productive thinking INSIGHT METHOD Experiment In 1925 a gestalt psychologist Kohler said that Trial and error is not sufficient in problem solving. Insight is also necessary for the problem solving Kohler conducted experiment on monkeys to see how the monkeys solved their problems of getting bananas hanged so high in the center of ceiling.In one experiment he kept b oxes in a corner and in the other experiment he kept small sticks. Conclusion He observed the monkeys in first experiment tried to get bananas by jumping high. In other experiment Kohler observed that the monkeys made use of the stick. It inserted punted end of one stick into other sticks. Afterward in 1926 he modified the process of insight is not a sudden act it recurs in the light of past experiences along with the perceptual organization. This was based on reproductive thinking Conclusion Of Both Experiments Researches parade that some problems are solved by trials and error, and some other are solved by insight.Herbert birch in 1945 gave stick to the four year aging monkeys in a cage, and placed their food outside. Only one monkey used this stick as a tool to get its food, this monkey has already used this stick. The other monkeys were given three days to play with sticks. These monkeys attained the experience of looking into the sticks, peeping through the holes, pressing a nd touching things beyond approach. Then on the fourth day they were able to solve their problems with the sticks. The solution of a problem attained by insight is not purely new but it is the government issue of the learning of past experiences.Factors influencing the problem solving Following are the factors which influence the problem solving * Intensity of the motivation It is the general view that the stronger motive provokers more struggle to solve the problem. Weaker motive creates distraction, stronger motive creates functional fixedness and medium motive is the best for problem solving as it encourage new responses. * working(a) fixedness Functional fixedness is an inability to see the new use for a familiar tool. So a response set hinders the problem solving. * receipt SetResponse set is a constant tendency to respond to a situation in a certain manner, concord to gestalt principle of perceptual organization wholeness, collectiveness and relativeness become the habit f amily hierarchy which cause hindrance in changing the response set and a rigidity causes difficulty in problem solving * Past Experience Past experience is facilitating in problem solving of the similar situational problem but is a hindrance in the new situation * Personal Context Every individual is influenced by his personal values, faith and creed and does not want to change his response set beyond it. Mental Set Mental se is to specify mentally to do certain things in certain order. Mental set may be facilitating in problems solving for the desired situation. * Frustration and stress Too much stress and frustration cased by failure in the most difficult problem decrease the problem solving efficiency. * Social background An individual seldom has his individual problem as he does not live alone. He is an organic part of the society and he has to interact within the society, so his problems are social problems as a consequence of social interactions. 2-Reasoning DefinitionAccord ing to Philip G. Zimbardo Reasoning is a purposive thinking which collects information or data about(predicate) the problem and to work on it in a traditional or a new way. Types Of Reasoning There are three types of reasoning * deductive reasoning * Inductive reasoning * Evaluative reasoning Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning proceeds on the basis of past knowledge. It draws conclusion from general bits of knowledge to specific presents. It follows the rules of Aristotelian logic. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is the totality of fictive thinking both in science and arts.It leads from specific present to the more general conclusion. In this type of reasoning the thinkers build from known to unknown, and he may give more than one conclusion. Thus the conclusion is not totally predictable. Evaluative Reasoning Evaluative reasoning is critical in nature. It resolve the congealness or suitability of an idea. The validity of the conclusion depends both upon the reason ing process and the bill used. Step Of Evaluative Reasoning According to Holliman there are five steps in evaluative reasoning i. Establishing of the purpose and standard for the appropriate process ii.Evaluating the solution to proceed further iii. Finding out the correct responses to achieve the goals iv. Arranging the sequence of the responses and solutions to achieve the goal in time v. Compare the drawn conclusion with the given standard to check validation and mastery Steps Of Reasoning * Identifying The Problems Reasoning cant take place in the absence of problem The problem must be sated explicitly so that its important may be evident and one should try to reason out for its solution * Preparation For The Collection Of InformationThe second step is to prepare him to collect data and the necessary information about the problem by reading relative books by arranging the responses achieve from the past knowledge. * Analysis The third step is to analysis to collect data accor ding to its merits and demerits * Synthesis After analysis one has to synthesis data by classifying correct and incorrect separately in systematic order to draw result. * Evaluation The last step is to evaluate the result to check the validity and reliability Principles Of Reasoning * Problem must be real.The information collected about the problem must be tangible. Reasoning must be clear, solid and evident. * Reasoning must be according to the proved logic. 3- Creative Thinking Definition According to Zimbardo and Ruche Creative thinking is the occurrence of uncommon or unusual but appropriate responses. Creativity is the process of choosing and shaping appropriate representation for a problem which lead an important discovery. Basically the creative response is not predictable until it is made a standard for the judgment of future creativity. Steps Of Creative Thinking Following are the steps of creative thinking. * Preparation Preparation is the first step in creative work.It s tart when a person observe natural phenomenon deeply, reads books, magazines and interact with creative people of his interest. * Incubation Incubation is a period of postponing the thinking process about a certain problems for creativity. Sometimes the preparation period is so longs or the ideas and information stored in mind are so overloaded that it becomes difficult for overlord to choose and shape appropriately.Inspiration or illumination After or sometimes during the incubation period of rest, suddenly creators mind has a flash of light or illumination. He is inspired to write down in an automatic way. Verification And Elaboration The last step of creative thinking is of the verification and elaboration. At this step the creator reviews his creation, check his mistakes, verifies it according to the social norms present it to the public, asks for their critical views and opinions about his work and tries to update it accordingly. Characteristic Of The Creative populate Accord ing to psychologist creative belongs to human traits. It is shown that there I particular patterns of psychological traits that characterized creative people regardless of their age, cultural background and areas of work.

The Motivation Of The Journey Themes

The Motivation Of The Journey ThemesIn literature the theme of a move arounding is a everyday one but the motivation for the tour changes considerably. The goal of each journey was directly influenced by the values of the special time period and location in which the pieces were written. These pieces include The Odyssey by Homer, The Inferno by Dante, Candide by Voltaire, and A meditate in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle. Each of these works of literature have their profess concept of a journey but are similar in that they all share a driving force to complete their own specific quests.In The Odyssey by Homer we mark off dickens journeys. The main journey is Odysseuss journey home, digest to his civilization. We also see Telemachus journey to disclose his fathers whereab step ups. In Odysseuss journey we see many obstacles that go in his way including gods which was a big part of Greek culture. Greek gods are considered to be human-like because of their inability to be pe rfective and because of this the gods are not always well respected by the humans. champion of the gods who tried to prevent him from completing his journey was Poseidon. Poseidon sought revenge on Odysseus because Odysseus had blind the Cyclopes which were one of Poseidons sons. In save Poseidon shipwrecks Odysseus and he closures up on Phaeacia.Odysseus give do what is necessary to get impale to his polis. The ultimate goal for a Greek is to achieve fame and glory by means of his polis. I would have had my rites and the Achaians given me glory. Now it is by a dismal death that I must be taken (Homer, 306-312). If this fame and glory is not achieved they believed that life was a waste. The city in which he ruled was called Ithaca. The polis in which he ruled in Ithaca believed that Odysseus was dead because he had not returned home in such a long time. The only true believers were his wife Penelope and son Telemachus. Telemachus saw that the suitors were disloyal to his fathe r Odysseus by eating all his food and trying to take his mother as a wife and because of this he went on his own journey to notice mortal who had visual evidence of his death. On this journey he found no such evidence of death but he was starting to lose desire of his fathers return. We see that both(prenominal) Odysseus and Telemachus believe that civilization is the motivating force for their journeys. In Telemachus case, he indispensablenesss to bring back the truth to his polis about Odysseus. In Odysseus case, he wants to return to his polis for fame and glory which is the greatest achievement possible.In The Inferno by Dante we see a completely different journey. Instead of a journey for fame and glory through your polis we see a journey through endocarp to prove in that location is one God. Dante was born in Florence, Italy in 1265 in the Medieval era where Christianity was the rule religion in that location at the time. In Christianity there is the idea of heaven and hell. In Christianity when you die you are judged based on your life by God and you are either sent to heaven where the good people go or hell where the bad people go. In this book Dante is allowed by God to enter hell alive to write about what he sees and who he meets. During this journey he is accompanied by Virgil who is his guide through hell because hell is where he resides.His journey is also stop by obstacles, but since it was willed by God to make this journey no obstacle could stop him for long. erstwhile the people in hell knew they were protected by God they would tell Dante anything he wanted to know. When Dante journey lead him to the wall of the city of Dis he was stopped by demons that would not let him pass. The abyss of the rest of hell was behind this gate and he needed to get passed. An angel from heaven was sent to overt the gate for Dante and Virgil. The demons could not reject anything from heaven because they feared heaven. Through me the way into the suffe ring city, through me the way to the eternal pain, through me the way that runs among the lost. Justice urged on my gamy artificer my maker was divine authority, the highest wisdom, and the primal live. Before me nothing but eternal things abandon every hope, who enter here(Dante, 1-11). This journey was meant to depute that there is one God that is very powerful even amongst the most evil and even Satan himself.Dante on his journey saw symbolic retribution which is when the punishment fits the crime and this was used to show that the sins act on earth is the same sin you will commit in hell for all eternity. Hell is free into 9 different circles with 1 being the best circle and 9 being the worst circle in terms of the punishment. Depending on the sin the someone committed they would be sent to that corresponding circle. For example, if you are a priest and you commit a sin such as you trade the grace and opt of the church for money you would be sent to the 3rd bolge in the 8th circle and you would be known a simonist. Their punishment is a reverse baptism where they are hung upside down in holes and are baptized in fire not in water. This is also an example of symbolic retribution.In Dantes journey we see a difference in motivation between the Odysseys journeys in that, a strive for fame and glory is not seen and polis is not even mentioned. His journey was used to announce a fear for one God and also show the consequences of the wrong doings on earth. According to Dante, the worst sins you commit on earth you will pay for in hell.In the next piece of literature, Candide by Voltaire, we follow the main character Candide on a long journey for the girl that he loves Cungonde. He is banished from his home for kissing Cungonde who is of a higher social ranking then himself. Because of his banishment he embarks on a long journey of hardship. He remembers Dr. Pangloss teachings as a kid a uses his philosophy throughout his journey. Dr. Pangloss always woul d tell him that they live in the best world and everything in this world is for the best. later a couple of years with the army he escapes to Lisbon because he was ill-treated.In Lisbon he finds his lost love Cungonde with two men who want her. Candide kills the two men and he now escapes on a journey with Cungonde. But this journey with Cungonde did not last long because he was wanted for the killings of the two men. Candide had to flee and he told Cungonde to stay in Buenos Aires until his return. Candide and his servant Cacambo come across the lost city of gold known as El Dorado. Here they find kids playing with an abundance of gold as if gold was meaningless to them. In El Dorado there was so much gold that they played with it instead of cherishing it. El Dorado represents the conclusion of a perfect journey but for Candide this wasnt the case. This was not perfect because Cungonde was not with him and he never forgot about his promise that he would come back for her. So he to ok a large quantity of gold and went back to look for her.Since Candide cannot return because he is wanted he instructs his servant Cacambo to go get Cungonde and bring her to Venice Italy where they could reunite. Candide arrives to Venice late and he has to search for Cacambo who was nowhere to be found. Eventually he finds Cacambo and again they embark on another journey to Turkey because that is purportedly where Cungonde now stays. Sure enough there long journey comes to an end when they meet in Turkey. Candide lost his love for Cungonde because she became ugly and fat but he still married her because of her social status. They end up buying a small farm that they must tend to regularly. Candide journey was all for nothing.In his journey he had the opportunity to stay in the perfect world of El Dorado where there was plenty of food an riches but instead he pertinacious to pursue Cungonde. Cungonde was once the perfection in his life but by the end she became imperfect. His jo urney has put him through many obstacles but in the end he was happy with the farm although he must work for food and his wife is not what he wanted. for if you had not been kicked out of a magnificent rook for love of Miss Cungonde if you had not been put into the Inquisition if you had not walked over America if you had not stabbd the Baron if you had not lost all your sheep from the lovely country of El Dorado you would not be here eating preserved citrons and pistachio-nuts. All that is very well, answered Candide, but let us cultivate our garden. (Voltaire, 30.29-31). In the end, his journey was to find the perfect place where Candide was satisfied with his life and he eventually did this at the end of his long journey for Cungonde.In the last piece of literature, A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle, two journeys also take place the journey of why the crime was committed and the journey to find the criminal. One of the main characters is Sherlock Holmes who is a private detective not affiliated with the authorities helps people find the truth about a particular power that is considered unsolvable. Sherlock Holmes uses the reality of the situation as well as common sense to solve the issues he is presented with.The first journey of why the crime was committed starts off when John Ferrier and teenaged Lucy are rescued by Brigham Young and the Mormons. The Mormons agreed to take them if they converted to the Mormon religion which meant they had to follow the Mormons rules. John Ferrier and young Lucy had to agree to this or they would die in the desert. As time went on they settled with the Mormons and followed their traditions of their religion but they were still Christian at heart.According to Mormon law young Lucy who is John Ferriers adopted daughter must marry a Mormon boy but Lucy loved another boy named Jefferson go for who is a hunter but is not Mormon. John Ferrier was forced to make a choice or flee away from the Mormon settlement. With the help of Lucys love Jefferson accept they try to run away from the Mormons. They eventually get caught and John Ferrier gets murdered, Lucy gets seized, and Jefferson Hope was not there to witness this so he gets spared. Therefore, Jefferson Hope, seeking revenge, finds out the names and whereabouts of the Mormons who killed John and Lucy. He finds out that Drebber and Stangerson are the ones responsible for this so he goes on a journey hunting for them.Jefferson Hope eventually finds both of them and kills them. Jefferson Hope killed Drebber by poison and Stangerson by stabbing him to death. It became a coincidence that Sherlock Holmes was put on this case to find the sea wolf. Eventually with the cunningness of Sherlock Holmes, Jefferson Hope gets caught for his wrong doings and he confesses everything and why he killed them.These journeys of killing for revenge and finding the killer worked hand in hand perfectly because both show a journey of truth. Ive done my work now, an d I dont care how soon I go, but I should like to leave some account of the problem behind me. I dont want to be remembered as a common cut-throat. (Doyle, 77). We first begin with Sherlock Holmes doing his usual investigation and we as the reader wants the killer to be caught. After we see the killers journey unfold, we feel sympathetic towards the killer because we know what he has been through. After we see his journey we are lead back to the capturing of the killer and the reader is left to wonder if killing was the correct route to take.To conclude, the motivation for journeys between these four pieces of literature change throughout the time periods. In The Odyssey by Homer the motivation for the journey during Greek times was to achieve fame and glory through their polis. This is proven by Odysseus overcoming obstacles throughout the epic. In The Inferno by Dante the motivation for his journey during the Medieval period was to show that there is one God that is very powerful and God should be feared because of symbolic retribution as well as loved because he makes the ultimate decision after death. In Candide by Voltaire the motivation of the journey in the Era of Enlightenment was to find the perfect place where you could be satisfied with life even if hard work and a long journey are involved. Lastly, in A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle the motivation of the journey for the Age of Empiricism is to find your own truth but there are always consequences in truth.