Observations of an Apple Essay Example for Free

Observations of an Apple Essay The assignment was to observe a fruit or vegetable for at least an hour. I thought it was crazy and pointless but not so ridiculous that I would not do it and earn a bad grade. Before I started, I read Samuel Scudder’s essay â€Å"Learning to See† where he talks about having to do a similar type of assignment but with a fish. He eventually became engrossed in the fish and so I became determined that I was going to try to find all I possibly could about my apple in the hour that I had. With this in mind, I chose an apple from my bowl of fruit and prepared for what I thought would be a tedious sixty minutes. I grabbed some paper and a pen, turned on some music, and began the observation process. I started just by writing everything I could see on the outside of the apple. The skin of the apple had many different shades of red as well as a yellow patch on one side. It was covered in dark red stripes that looked like quick paint strokes from a tiny paintbrush. Little white and yellow dots gave it the appearance of a speckled egg. I then noticed the apple’s shape as well as the lumps, dents, and scratches on its skin. It was slightly cold to the touch, as well as smooth and dry. I was tempted to go ahead and cut the apple open but I wanted to make sure I had written down all the small details that would normally go completely unnoticed. After I was sure I had noted as much as I could about the outside, I sliced the apple in half horizontally to observe the inside. When it is cut horizontally, the little pit where the seeds are kept is in the shape of a star and feels like thin cardboard. There were five seeds, all dark brown and shaped like a raindrop. The flesh was softer on its own without the protection of the skin and almost mushy. When I looked even closer, it seemed that the flesh of the apple was made up of tiny crystals that glistened in the light because of the juice and its cream coloring. The inside was even colder since it was wet. The sweet smell of the apple grew stronger and I finally gave in and took a bite. I wrote about the crunchiness, how crisp it was, how my teeth left their impression in the apple, how the skin ripped when it was bitten, and how  juicy it was. I decided to check the time at that point and was extremely surprised that I had only fifteen minutes left to finish up my notes. So I decided to get a little more creative with what I did to the apple. I began dissecting pieces of it, cutting little spots in half, finding the veins and what seemed to be roots of the apple. I even noticed how it stained the paper towel it sat on when I cut it. Soon I realized I had just a few minutes left and so to finish it all off, I decided to see what would happen when the apple, or what was left of it, would do when thrown hard against the pavement. I quickly ran outside and excitedly hurled the apple at the ground. I was pleased to watch it break apart and splatter all over the sidewalk and even into the snow. I walked back inside and was surprised at how excited and enthusiastic I had become by going through this sort of experiment. I did not expect that sort of reaction to come from me especially when my first thoughts had been that I would end up hating this assignment and giving up on it. I never would have believed someone if they had told me that I would one day spend an hour observing an apple, and in the end, find that I had actually enjoyed it.

Trauma, sexual trauma & counselling Essay Example for Free

Trauma, sexual trauma counselling Essay †¢ A strain we feel at different times/in different situations †¢ Set of external forces impinging on the person (unemployment, crime, etc) †¢ Set of psychological physiological reactions (racing heart, sweating palms etc) †¢ Can be opportunity for growth The spark that pushes us into action †¢ The extent to which an individual experiences stress depends on the event, together with the individual’s personality ability to cope Crises †¢ A normal reaction to a difficult experience an individual has not faced before †¢ In crises a person feels Confused, overwhelmed unable to cope †¢ Can be an external event, or an internal one caused by development †¢ A turning point An opportunity to learn skills, find resources adapt Trauma Trauma Definitions †¢ â€Å"Situations in which the victim is rendered powerless and great danger is involved† â€Å"Profound deviation from normal life experience† THUS sudden, overwhelming, unanticipated, suggests threat of injury or death. experience fear, helplessness, loss of control extreme powerlessness †¢ Traumatic events extraordinary overwhelm the ordinary human adaptations to life generally involve threats to life or bodily integrity, or a close personal encounter with violence or death. †¢ Most notable characteristic: the feelings of helplessness terror that victims are left to deal with. 4 The Effects of Trauma †¢ Trauma overtaxes the ability to cope †¢ Can damage mental health †¢ Traumatised people feel act as though their nervous systems have been disconnected from the present: Persistent expectation of danger Imprint of the traumatic event that does not fade Numbing response of giving up that becomes generalised. †¢ Psychologically mentally, trauma refers to: wounding of emotions, will to live beliefs about the self the world dignity and sense of self security †¢ Impacts normal ways of thinking feeling, so previous coping mechanisms to handle stress is no longer functional. †¢ Victim feels like a thing, a vulnerable object, subject to the will of a power/force greater than themselves Different Kinds of Traumas †¢ Natural disasters(flood, fire, hurricane, etc) †¢ Man-made catastrophes(war, terrorism, bus disasters, etc) †¢ Unintentional violence(car accidents, culpable homicide) †¢ Intentional violence (forms of victimisation involving threat to life, health limb) †¢ Trauma caused by nature → Disaster Trauma caused by humans → Atrocity Direct vs Indirect Trauma †¢ Indirect trauma affects those exposed to or witnessing the traumatic event symptoms of indirect victims can be identical to those of direct victims family of the victim, those in helping profession, children in domestic violence situations †¢ Can be a victim of direct indirect trauma at the same time witnessing a rape/murder while being held hostage. Single vs Multiple Trauma †¢ Trauma can be a single event, or multiple events (being hijacked more than once) Continuous vs Complex Trauma †¢ Continuous Traumatic stress: Situations in which people are exposed to ongoing trauma Residents of areas with high levels of violent crime Repeated exposure to violent situations Develop a numbing response to additional traumatic events, making it difficult to detect they are traumatised Can seem lethargic or depressed, don’t understand what is going on so don’t seek assistance †¢ Complex Trauma: Situations in which victims experience prolonged, repeated traumatic events Usually there is a relationship between the victim offender Victim is under control of offender, and cannot escape for an extended period First trauma is unexpected, but over time the victim awaits further incidents with enormous psychological tension Eg marital rape or child sexual abuse Conclusion †¢ People respond differently One person’s â€Å"stressful event† can be another person’s â€Å"trauma† All are relative to how individuals react to situations †¢ A hypothetical continuum plots stress, crises trauma, plotting the increase in intensity †¢ In practice it can be difficult to draw distinctions, the client’s definition should always be used 1.2 DEFINING SEXUAL TRAUMA †¢ Sexual trauma is: Trauma of a sexual nature The trauma creates emotional turmoil for the survivor May impair the survivor’s functioning in certain areas (self-esteem, relationships sexuality) Problems may manifest much later, when the survivor develops understanding of the wrongness of the activities they participated in, given that participation may even have been passive. 9 1.2.1 Rape and Child Sexual Abuse †¢ 1 in 4 children in SA are sexually abused at some time †¢ Just as many boys as girls under age 10 are sexually abused †¢ 80% of offenders are well known to, and trusted by, their victims †¢ There has been a significant increase in young offenders (

Nazis Who Helped Jews Survive

Nazis Who Helped Jews Survive Masquerading As Devils; Nazis Who Helped Jews Survive The Holocaust During WWII. During the holocaust, many people died, due to Machine Guns or due to starvations well as abuse. This is the way individuals disliked by Nazis were treated. The Jews along with other individuals were killed just on the basis that, Hitler and other people due to their faith. This happened to be the first time; such a holocaust happened based on such a reason. Under normal cases, there were holocausts when individuals were fighting for resources like land, or just an attempt of wining war. In this case, many individuals were killed based on the reason that, they believed in different religion. Around eleven million individuals were killed, and among them 6,000,000 of them were Jews and 5,000,000 were not Jews, (Resnick 34). As a result, this research looks at Nazis who helped Jews survive the Holocaust during WWII. AS a matter of fact, many researchers have dealt with reasons that led to World War II, there effects and the survivors. In addition, more has been done concerning the causes of this war, and how it came to an end, however, very little has been done on how the Jews got survival during the war, yet they were the main victims. Study objectives The main objective of this paper is to identify how the Jews survived during this war. In order to reach at this particular objective, I will use the following research questions. I look at who were the victims of Nazis Holocaust? I look at how was life in the concentration camp? I also look at how the survivors made it did and who were the rescuers? I look at why was it that, the Jews were the most target group? I look at the reasons that motivated rescuers? I look at who is Anne Frank and what made her famous? Definition of Terms Holocaust; in this concept, holocaust has been taken to mean, Large scale destruction and killing of millions of Jews and other people by Adolf Hitlers Nazi Germany during World War II (Library.thinkquest.org par 6). Concentration camps; this were the places that most Nazis victims were being killed Rescuers; are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy (Rosenberg, par 4). Ghetto; these were tiny areas that were cordoned off by the use of barbed wire. Rationale This study is very important to me as a student as it is a partial fulfillment of my academic requirements as demanded the collage. Getting a better grade in this research will boost my overall academic grade in my cause. Nevertheless, after the completion of this research project, I will be equipped with lots of historical information concerning WWII, its causes, effects, participants as well as the victims. A part from all these, I will be acquainted with some more vocabularies that were used in history during first WWII. To the society this research will help them know that, those individuals who controlled the past will still control the future. In one way or the other, it will shape the way the society view the present, hence dictating the answers they will offer for the existing wars, problems and injustices. To the society in addition, this research paper will enable them to have the ability of looking back at World War II, and reflect on how the current leaders know the kinds of mistakes they ought not to make when dealing with conflicts. Without knowing how the Jews suffered due to their faith, where will the martyrs come from, they should such like a paper to strengthen their faith. Methodology This research paper addresses the question of Nazis Who Helped Jews Survive the Holocaust during WWII. The secondary source of data collection methods will be employed to ensure that the research carried out becomes successful. Materials from the library, internet and related research reports will be read and analyzed to provide the required data and information on the subject. Sampling strategies that will be used will include random sampling and stratified sampling strategies. In dealing with the ethical issues, the paper was approved by Ethical Approval board before data collection. This research anticipates the following limitations; time limitation, financial constrains, and the unreliability of secondary sources of data. Data Analysis At the time the WW1 started by the year 1914, Hitler was very ready to give out his life for the sake of German individuals. By that time, he was in the army for four years working as a messenger, and was fighting at the front line against Britain. At the end of it all, the Germans lost the war to their Allies. This made Hitler to be very angry for very long time after the defeat of German in the year 1919. It was too much unfortunate that, after the First World War, Germany was trying to come out of the effect in a desperate manner. Apart from this, there came Germany Great Depression. This rendered many individuals jobless and starving. In this terrible economic setting, Hitler made his way to power. In these desperate moments, the Germany people just needed any way out. As a result, Hitler ended up giving the German people lots of hope. Amongst his hopes, he ended up blaming partly the Allies who were the Britons, United States of America and France, for the poor condition that German was passing through as per that time. However, those were not the only parties that were blamed, there were others too. In his believe, German was beaten unfairly because the Jews betrayed them, which he described as being the evil partners of the Britons. He thought that, wealthy merchants and international bankers, which were majorly Jews, gave away all German secretes to Germans enemies. Due to this reason, Hitler hated and went a step higher to convince others to continue hating the Jews. In most cases, the victims of Nazis target included Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses, Communists, twins, and the disabled (Auschwitz.dk par 8). Amongst the, there were those who wanted to escape and hide from the Nazis, for instance the Ann Frank along with her family. There were those who were successful in escaping, but the majority was not. The victims as shown in appendix photo 1, that were captured were sterilized , underwent forced resettlement, family and friends separation, beaten, starved and or even death. The main victims were the Jews due the fact; they were hated most by Hitler and his Nazis. These Jews were not allowed to enjoy in theaters resorts or even swimming pools. They were given identity cards with which they had to work with them. The individuals were made to wear, the Davids star badge at any place they were going. There was a time further more, when Hitler set on fire the Jewish Synagogues, which were the place that the Jews went to practice their faith. In addition, Jews homes and businesses were all brought down to book. As an effect, there were no Jewish students who were going to schools, as they were stopped. In addition, there were curfews upon which the Jews were supposed to out, on top of these; they were not supposed to come in public places. At long last, some were forced back to there home land. The last resort for Hitler and his Nazis, were to bring sent to concentration camps. The victims were pushed out of their homes; especially the Jews were forcefully moved into smaller, overpopulated quarters in a very tiny section of the city. Such areas were cordoned off by the use of barbed wires, which were given the name Ghettos. In while in such places, every one was just waiting for a call that could be described as being dreaded, for resettlement. On their side, Jehovah Witness in German were also ban to undertake meetings when Nazis came to power, those who never bought the idea, were taken to concentration camps In the concentration camp, the Jews never lived happily waiting for their peaceful deaths. In this concentration camp as indicated in photo 2 in the Appendices, the treatments were too extremely cruel and very harsh. In such camp, they were no one feeling fine, this was based on the fact that, either some one was sick, starving, dying, and even a slavery laborer. Das result, thy ended up dying in many types of ways, for instance, sickness, starvation, being shoot by machinegun, or even overworking their bodies. There were instance where, others were being told to take shower; instead they ended up being killed. There was a time when they were tricked, and they all ended up in a gas chamber, as a result, they all died, but never did Nazis and other Germans did care (Concentration Camp par 20). Though the conditions were too tough to bear, there were those few who managed to survive. Amongst the survivors, sensed danger, or left to their homes forcefully, meaning that, they will never see their friends or families again. In addition, some survived because they were always a head of Nazis, and had lots of good luck. Life from hiding places was always a struggle, as most were just always in terror of being caught, as mostly were being constant found, hence the chances for escaping were too slim. On the other hand, another reason for terror in hiding places was that, the impact of being caught in hiding was just death, nothing else. It will be too bad to end the list of victims without mentioning Anne Frank. This was a girl from Jewish side, who survived till very end of WWII. After her family received a notice notifying them to hide, she ended up getting a diary. When they were in hiding, she went with her diary to the hiding place. Everyday, she kept on writing in it how she felt about the situation, and it felt to being in being in such a position. Just before the war ended, in 1944, Nazi found their hiding places, courtesy of some Germans who also disliked Jews. At the age of 16, in 1945, she died in a concentration camp. Latter, her diary was found, and currently, has become a book of all terrifying conditions that she underwent through. This book is now called The Diary of Anne Frank. There were those who survived due to many different techniques. There these who made it on the prospect of setting their eyes on their families, and they constantly held it in their minds. On the other hand, there were those who made it as a result of getting favors from upper Jews heading prisons such seniors could at least get extra food. Others used the technique of thievery. Such individuals stole food that was lying dead from their beds. Such thievery in a way can be called ethical stealing, which made some senses. If for sure they were going to die, way waste that particular bread. There were those who had their own luck, narrowly did they escaped all perilous barriers, and ended up being rescued by the Allies. The process of rescuing the Jews was undertaken by individuals who took a step ahead to act according to their own conscious and belief systems, while staying in an immoral community. Millions survived such holocaust incidence due to daring of such rescuers. However, their statistical number was too small. Rescuers were peasants and nannies, aristocrats and clergy, bakers and doctors, social workers and storekeepers, school children and police officers, diplomats and grandmothers. They were from many countries-the Netherlands, the Ukraine, Poland, Germany, France, Hungary, Denmark, Italy, Greece, Belgium and other nations (Fcit.usf.edu par 2). Such individuals never looked at Jews a long with other victims as being enemies, but just as other human beings. To be involved in a rescue process, one had to accept the consequential responsibility that might follow. For instance, their houses were even burned down, for instance in figure 3, after being realized that, they were assisting the Jews and other targeted groups. The rescuers had various reasons for doing so, for instance, the sense of morality motivated them, while others had some relation with particular individuals belonging to the targeted groups. There were those whose engine was politics, as they were the third Reich. There were those who were being involved as workers, for instance, nurses, diplomats, social workers among others, and extended their work beyond professional duties. Many children o the other hand followed the footsteps of their parents, hence becoming rescuers. Conclusion The reason as to why Jews were the main victims in the situation is because; it was believed that they betrayed the Germans during the First World War. Most of them were taken to concentration house where life was so miserable to an extent that, no one was left to die in peace, there were lots of troubles. The survivors in the concentration camp had lots of survival techniques; most of them were brave, determined and so cunning. They never cared on what they had to do to survive, as if thy miss out, they will end up losing. On the other hand, there were some victims who survived due to the mercy of rescuers. The rescuers were motivated by the spirit of humanity in the world of immorality. Work Cited Auschwitz.dk. Anne Frank: An Oasis of Innocence. 2002. 28 March 2011. . Concentration Camp. New Standard Encyclopedia, 1987. Resnick, Abraham. The Holocaust. San Diego: Lucent Books Inc., 1991. Library.thinkquest.org. The Holocaust: An Unbelievable Tragedy . 2002. 28 March 2011. . Rosenberg, Jennifer. The Holocaust. 1997. 28 March 2011. . Fcit.usf.edu . Rescuers. 2005. 28 March 2011. . Appendices Figure 1: Former prisoners of the little camp in Buchenwald. (Photo courtesy USHMM) from http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/tp/holocaust.htm Figure 2, Firing squad wall at Auschwitz. From http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/the_holocaust.htm Figure 3 from http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/tp/holocaust.htm

Solid Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal INTRODUCTION Human development and health is greatly influenced by the environment in which they live in (Centre for Disease Control, 2009). Solid waste constitutes a major source of environmental hazard. Environmental hazards accounts for an estimated 25 % of the total burden of disease worldwide and nearly 35 % of ill-health in sub Saharan Africa is caused by environmental hazards (WHO, 2009). This dissertation is a report of a qualitative study done to find out the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority staff on solid waste and its disposal in Warri municipal. According to Beede and Bloom (2003), the perception and attitude of people towards waste can affect the way it is managed; hence it is essential to gain an insight and knowledge about the perception of Warri South Local Authority staff on solid waste and its disposal in Warri since they play a major role in the planning and running of Warri municipal. If they do not perceive waste disposal in Warri as a priority, little or no attenti on will be given to it. This first chapter starts by offering a background for the study. It will highlight the problem of municipal solid waste and depict its importance and public health consequences. The purpose of study, methodology adopted and potential benefits of this study are also discussed briefly. Overview of other chapters will also be discussed. BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY The World Health Organization (WHO) constitution of 1964, defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (Naidoo and Williams, 2000). A clean environment is one of the prerequisite of a good health because there is a close relationship between the environment and peoples health. A high quality environment allow people to live longer in good and positive health (ref) Solid waste constitutes a major source of environmental hazard if not properly managed. The activities of humans and animals produce waste and the way these wastes are handled, stored, collected and disposed of, can pose risks to the environment and to public health (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993; Baritone, 1995; Ofomata, 2001, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Municipal solid waste (MSW) refers to non-air and non-sewage emissions created within and disposed of by a municipality this includes household garbage, commercial refuse, construction and demolition debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles (Cointreau, 1982; Walling et al., 2004). There are several classification of solid waste based on their origin, characteristics and risk potentials (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). They are broadly classified by their characteristic as biodegradable and non-biodegradable. This classification is based on the quality of solid waste generated from different sources. According to Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, 2007), biodegradable waste consists of all organic wastes that decay naturally as the result of the action of micro organisms into useful or less polluting products. Non-biodegradable wastes consist of wastes that do not breakdown naturally and must be recycled, burnt or buried; a common example is the plastic shopping bag (Williams, 2005). In the beginning of civilization, disposal of waste was not a significant problem because population was small and land available for assimilation of waste was abundant (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993; Ahmed and Ali, 2004). Solid waste generated by the traditional society were little and simple, mostly containing organic matter while those generated by todays technological societies are large and complex. Problems of waste disposal started from the time people began to assemble in clans, villages, and communities and the build up of waste became a consequence of life (Tchobanoglous et al, 1993) The rapid developments of cities across the globe have led to an increase in the amount of waste produced from human activities; this has posed a challenge of disposal to both developed and less developing nations (WHO, 2009). According to United Nations Development Programme survey report of one hundred and fifty one mayors of different cities from around the world, inadequate solid waste disposal is the second most pressing problem facing city residents after unemployment (Da Zhu et al, 2008). This problem is further compounded as many nations continue to urbanize rapidly and to increase in population, making it difficult for most municipal authorities to provide most of the basic services (Ogbonna et al, 2002, Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). According to United Nation Statistic Division (UNSD, 2009) Nigeria has a population of about 140 million with an annual urban growth of 3.8%. It is a developing country that has persistent solid waste management problems in addition to her growing population (Walling et al, 2004). An average Nigerian generates about 0.49 kg of solid waste per day with households and commercial centres contributing almost 90% of total urban waste burden (Uguwh, 2009) Developing countries spend as much as 20 to 40% of their municipal revenues on waste management (Thomas-Hope 1998, Schà ¼beler 1996, Bartone 2000); yet they are often unable to solve the problem as one to two-thirds of the solid waste generated is not collected, while the uncollected waste is dumped on the land in a more or less uncontrolled manner (Onwurah et al, 2003, Da Zhu et al, 2008). Even the collected waste is often disposed in an uncontrolled dump site or burnt, contributing to water and air pollution (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Indiscriminate disposal and dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigerian cities. Municipal solid waste heaps are found in several parts of major Nigerian cities like Warri, often blocking roads, alleys, and pavements (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004). Most of the waste dumps are located close to residential areas, Markets, farms, roadsides, and creeks; with many human activities close to the dump sites, there is an increase threat to public health (Ogbonna et al, 2002). Generally, the uncollected solid wastes are left to decay, and this produces foul odour thereby constituting a source of environmental nuisance (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled burning, another common method of disposing waste in Nigeria and this have often led to fire outbreaks. Smoke arising from such fires can reduce visibility, and have been known to cause fatal vehicular accidents (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Warri is a major oil city located in Delta state Nigeria, with a population of over a million. Its population is rapidly growing due to urbanization and oil exploration activities; the total waste load for Warri is about 66 721 tonnes per year (Ajao and Anurigwo , 2002). Municipal Solid Waste and Public Health Implication The management of municipal solid waste is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries (Harris, 2004). The improper management of solid wastes represents a source of environmental pollution, and poses risks to human health (Puri et al., 2008). Municipal waste in most cities contain human excreta, animal excreta, hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps which can facilitate the spread of diseases and injury particularly among children playing near waste dumpsites and employees in waste management sector (Da Zhu et al, 2008). Poor disposal of solid waste is associated with spread of vector borne-diseases like malaria and dengue fever (McKenzie et al., 2004; Puri et al., 2008). Infrequently disposed refuse tend to become breeding sites for mosquitoes, as pools of rain water collect in discarded cans, bottles and car tires (Ofomata and Eze, 2001) Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of malaria-a life threatening disease through their bites (Human Protection Agency, 2009). Malaria accounts for an estimated 300-500 million cases globally; which is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. It accounts for about 1.5-2.5 million deaths yearly, most of them among children under five years (WHO, 2009). Decomposing organic materials can become breeding sites for pests, rats, flies and vermin that enhance the likelihood of disease transmission like diarrhoea and Lassa fever (Simon, 2008). Lassa fever is a haemorrhagic fever common in four African countries: Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. It is transmitted to humans from contacts with food or household items contaminated with rodent excreta (HPA, 2009; WHO, 2009). Uncollected waste left to accumulate or dumped in the streets can block water drains and channels which can cause flooding, posing significant environmental and public health risks (Whiteman et al, 2008). Ground or surface water pollution can occur when rain water combines with decomposing waste and seep through permeable soil, finally contaminating surface and ground water with both lethal materials and pathogenic organisms (Ofomata and Eze, 2001); this is extremely dangerous as ground water is the main source of drinking water for most cities in the developing world (Oluwasola, 2007). Incineration of municipal solid waste contributes to air pollution by the release of noxious materials into the air, which may cause ill-health (Ofomata and Eze, 2001). Uncontrolled incineration of solid waste can also cause fire outbreaks in nearby homes and farms. Other impacts of poor Municipal Solid Waste disposal include disgusting odour, unsightliness and general degradation of the environment ( Dolk, 2002). PURPOSE OF THE RESEARH Many studies have been done on waste disposal and management in Nigeria but none has been done to explore the views of Warri south local authority staff. The aim of this research is to explore the views of the staff of Warri south local authority on municipal solid waste disposal system, and its public health implication in Warri. RESEARCH QUESTION The research question for this study is What are the perceptions of Warri South Local Authority senior staff on municipal solid waste disposal in Warri? This will encompass the issues and problems of solid waste management in the municipal. WHY PERCEPTION? According to Collins school dictionary (2000) perception is your understanding of something or someone. Perception refers to the image or feelings formed in ones mind about some perceived phenomenon or object (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Perceptions vary from person to person, as they perceive different things about the same situation. Perception is influenced by perceivers value, beliefs, social economic circumstance and expectations (Okot- Uma et al, 2002). Peoples perception of issue influence the way they act, behave or respond to them. Decision makers working in any environment base their decision on the environment as they see it and not as it is. The action resulting from their decision on the other hand is played out in the real environment (ref). If the general perception of people who play a major role in the running of warri municipal on solid waste disposal in Warri is that it is of little importance, little or no attention will be given to it. METHODOLOGY. The study will adopt a qualitative research methodology because it aims to gain an insight and knowledge about peoples perception on waste. Qualitative research concentrates on peoples attitudes, experiences, beliefs and their perceptions of a situation (Polit et al., 2001). It aims to generate an understanding of what is going on in everyday setting and it can also be used to describe a point of view, illustrate meaning, sensitize readers or try to understand phenomena (Green and Britten, 1998). Hence qualitative research is the most appropriate approach that should be used for this study. BENEFIT OF THE RESEARCH The study will be beneficial, as it will provide an insight on how the staff in charge of daily planning of services in Warri south view waste disposal in the community. It may also help Warri south local authority in modifying and improving waste disposal strategies and systems. I intend to publish the findings and recommendations of this study in a local paper. It will also contribute to the existing body of knowledge of waste management in Nigeria. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS This chapter has presented an overview of municipal solid waste disposal problems and its public health implications as an introduction to the study. Chapter two will presents a review of current significant literature on waste disposal in Nigeria and other developing countries. A brief note on how the literature search was carried out will also be stated. Following the literature review chapter, will be the methodology of the research reported in chapter three; where different research methodologies and the justification for the method chosen are discussed. The research method, which includes; sampling method, data collection, data management/analysis and ethical issues also form sections of the methodology chapter. The findings of the study and discussion are reported in chapters four and five respectively. At the end of the dissertation, the recommendations based on the research findings are stated in chapter six.

Women in the Workplace Essay -- Female Workforce Job Essays

In many cultures throughout the world women are patronized and viewed as the weaker sex. Women are commonly perceived as being unfit for any forms of higher education and because of societal pressure and expectations retreat to a life of raising children and cooking meals for their husbands. Our society’s stereotypical views about women’s suffrage, educational expectations and athletic abilities have all advanced over the years. In many aspects of our society, women are now expected to compete with their male counterparts. Currently, it is not uncommon to hear of a women CEO or Vice President in businesses or even a women politician. Women have now emerged from laundry rooms and kitchens across the country and changed the demographics of the American workforce. However women are yet to take the medical workplace by storm and redefine the preconceived notions society upholds about leaders in medical professions. To illustrate this idea I conducted an ethnographic study of a local dental office that I am employed at. I believe that the medical field has hardly been affected by the advances in women’s rights and is a common ground for the influences of gender stereotypes that have been outdated for many years in American culture. Going to the doctor can be a frightening experience for many people. Choosing a doctor is a difficult process that can result in a poor experience at the appointment or worse in some cases. First impressions play a large role in a patients response to the practice overall. â€Å"Great Smiles† focuses on this concept and shapes their office procedures to make all first visits a positive experience. This office is located on a busy main road in an upper class suburban area of Michigan. The buildin... ...orld and are no longer seen as the â€Å"weaker sex†. The inclining percent of women becoming doctors could be a large movement to a completely blended population of doctors to chose from. Women are learning that to avoid the control men can enforce on women in the medical workplace they need to strive for success in their profession. Many women may be happy assisting a male doctor but the growing number of female doctors illustrates the point that women want the power and control that their male counterparts currently maintain. Works Cited Jennifer. â€Å"Gender Relations and Alcohol: An Examination of The Cocktail Waitress: Women’s work in a Man’s World.†. December 9th, 2001. www.geocities.com/wellesley/6265/papers/gender/cocktailwaitress.html

Investigating the Resistance of Wires :: Papers

Investigating the Resistance of Wires Aim: To investigate how the diameter of a constantan wire will affect its resistance and hence the current flowing through it. Prediction: I predict that the thicker the diameter the less resistance there will be. Reason: In a metal, some of the electrons are free to move between the ions, to form a "sea" of electrons around the positive metal ions. Metals that are good conductors have more "free" electrons and therefore these electrons move easily around the positive metal ions. However in metals that have fewer "free" electrons, the ions act as obstacles to the flow of electrons and therefore the wire has resistance. The current becomes stronger with the more electrons that flow through a wire in one second. As the diameter increases the electrons will have more available routes between the ions to pass through per second, making the electron flow greater hence the current becoming stronger. See figures 1 and 2: [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] In a larger diameter, there [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE]Figure 1: are more routes for free [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] electrons to travel [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] through. [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] In a smaller diameter, [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE]Figure 2: there are fewer routes [IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE][IMAGE] for the free electrons [IMAGE] to travel through. Plan: I will set up a circuit consisting of a cell, ammeter, voltmeter and 50cm of constantan wire. The diameters I will use are as follows. 0.56mm, 0.43mm, 0.38mm, 0.32mm, 0.27mm and 0.20mm. I will measure these diameters with a micrometer. I will take three readings of the current and potential difference for each different diameter of the wire and take an average for V (potential difference measured by a voltmeter) and I (current measured by an ammeter) in order to get the most accurate results possible. I will then plot these results in two graphs one plotting V against I and another plotting the average resistance (using ohm's law R=V/I) against the diameter.

Censorship in Media Essay -- Media Censoring News TV Essays

'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press' (United States Constitution 1789). Throughout the history of the United States of America, the Constitution has always been put to the test. The founders of this country created the first amendment to allow colonists to speak out against the British. In the 17th century, the press was accurate and informative with little competition among journalists. But today in the 21st century the circumstances are different and the stakes are higher. Due to the great level of competition among journalists today, the news is often exaggerated in order to capture a larger viewing audience. Censorship is defined as 'Policy of restricting the public expression of ideas, opinions, conceptions, and impulses, which are believed to have the capacity to undermine the governing authority or the social and moral order which authority considers itself bound to protect? (Abraham 357). Political, religious, obscenity, and censorship affecting academic freedom are all equal in their destructiveness towards free speech. ?There are two different forms that censorship takes; prior, which refers to advance suppression and ?post facto? which is suppression after it has been published? (Calvocoressi 10). Since the beginning of the written word, authorities have used both of these forms of censorship. The media is everywhere you turn. You can find the media in many different forms such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, and now on the information superhighway, the Internet. In the process of capturing ratings, who is the media hurting more? Is it the people who are accused of a crime, such as O.J. Simpson, or is it the American public?s own fault for believing everything they hear? In my view, some limitations greatly need to be placed upon the first amendment of the U.S. Constitution in regard to freedom of the press because presently the media is doing more harm than good. The job of the media is to find the truth and tell it to the people. The media has the power to inform the public, but often the information they receive is distorted. The media has shaped our view of society and the process by which we choose our leaders, make our rules, and make up our values. The media has the power to encourage people t... ...nated by lies and gossip, then the press will continue to print it. Works Cited Abraham, Henry J. ?Censorship.? International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968 ed. Calvocoressi, Peter. Freedom to Publish. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1980. Corry, John. ?Fairness Most Foul.? The American Spectator November 1993: 50-51. Deskowitz, Paul. Emergence of a Free Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985. ?FCC Tags Stern.? Newsweek 28 December 1992: 65. Gabler, Neal. ?OJ; the News as a Miniseries.? TV Guide. 30 July 1994: 12-17. Holden, Stephen. ?The Media Monster Lurking Within.? Newsweek 1 October 1995: 15. Lewis, Peter. ?About freedom of the Virtual Press.? The New York Times 2 January 1996: B14. Nachman, Louis. ?About the media Circus.? The New York Times 26 June 1994: 26. Orr, Lisa. Free Press, Free People, The Best Cause. London: Columbia University Press, 1971. Shank, Joshua. ?Limbaugh Lies II.? The New Republic 8 August 1994: 9-10. ?Simpson Criticizes Media.? Jet 12 February 1996: 38-40. Szykowny, Rick. ?Bewildering the Herd.? The Humanist November 1990: 8-9. Williams, Patricia. ?Hate Radio.? Ms. March 1994: 25-29.