Bay of Pigs Invasion

The invasion at the Bay of Pigs is an event that played a significant role in histories of both the unify States and Cuba. It was a United States- defyed attack on the regime of Cuban leader Fidel Castro, in an attempt to stopover communism. The attempt proved futile many lives were lost for an objective that was not achieved. The invasion therefore served as a lesson in American politics. Since the Second man War ended, the United States was convinced that communism was a major problem (Sierra 2). Americans believed that communism was a major threat.When Fidel Castro arrived in the United States for the American Society of report Editors in April 1959, Vice President Richard Nixon was already determined to oppose his rule (Sierra 3). Earlier that year, the Cuban mutation occurred, and President Dwight Eisenhower realized the social implications of the said revolution (Sierra 2 Wars). The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had formulated a plan against Castro, which Eisenhower ap proved on March 17, 1960 (Bay Sierra 3). The relationship between the United States and Cuba began to break down the diplomatic ties between the two nations were officially cut by the U.S. disposal on January 3, 1961 (Bay Sierra 2). Seventeen eld afterwardswards the Eisenhower administration ended their relations with Cuba, former Senator John F. Kennedy assumed his post in the oval office as President (Sierra 2). Before being elect as President, with the given political climate, Kennedy knew that the only way he could win the presidency was to champion anti-communism. He then became fixated with Castro. The moment he became president, he had already promised Cuban exiles that he would fervently fight communism and support any effort to topple the Castro regime (Sierra 3).The invasion was planned in such a way that Cuban exiles would overthrow the Castro administration without exposing how involved the United States was to the operation (Bay). There had already been speculation that the officials of the United States had been planning to attack Cuba, only this was responded to with denials (Sierra 2). However, Raul Roa, the prime minister of Cuba, confirmed that Cuban exiles were being recruited, trained and paid for their contribution in the possible attack (Sierra 3). The initial plan of attack was to kingdom in Trinidad City in the day (Sierra 3).However, this plan had two disadvantages. First, the city was located close to the Escambray Mountains this would be an ideal place wherein Castros troops would retreat into after the attack. Second, Kennedy realized that this would reveal to the public the involvement of the United States in the attack. The plan was then changed instead, the landing would be at the Bay of Pigs, which was to occur at night. The embayment presented a possible air-strip located on the beach wherein the bombing raids could be managed.After the area was secured, Cuban government created by the CIA would be established its legit imacy would nowadays acknowledged by the U. S. government. The installed government would then ask for military assistance, and there would be an intervention (Sierra 3). In a press conference five days prior to the attack, Kennedy claimed that the United States military would not interfere with the Cuban situation. He stated that it was a struggle amongst the Cubans, not a battle between the U. S. and Cuba (Sierra 3). On April 15th, B-26 planes simultaneously bombed four airfields in Cuba (Sierra 4).These bomber planes were transformed to look like Cuban planes operated by Cuban exiles. A few days before the true(a) attack was launched, people from the CIA arrived in Cuba to assist the invaders. They were tasked to commit terrorist attacks like bombing bridges it is because by doing so, it would appear that the Cuban citizens were involved in the attack. However, the truth was curtly unveiled. The difference between the noses of a Cuban and an American plane gave it away. The fo rmer was made of Plexiglas, age the latter was opaque.Meanwhile, the forces arrived on April 16th six battalions which consisted of 1,500 men arrived on the bay (Sierra 4). While the invasion was proceeding, the leader of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy (Sierra 4). The letter stated that everyone already knew about the U. S. involvement in the invasion, and that Russia would not hesitate to aid Cuba in defending itself from invaders. This prompted Kennedy to stop the air strikes (Bay). However, the attack on land continued the exiles wanted to proceed to capital of Cuba in hopes of getting support from the locals.The invaders failed to reach their destination, as Castros troops stopped them. It was on April 19th when the fighting was halted, but many people had already been killed while others have been captured. Later on, the exiles were free on ransom by the Cuban government (Bay). The invasion was a failure it caused great embarrassment to Kennedy and the U. S. government (Bay). The failure was attributed to insufficient and erroneous planning and execution. There was lack of preparation, while the intelligence gathered was not sufficient to guarantee the success of the invasion.That is the power why Kennedy fired several CIA officials (Sierra 6). In addition, information about the impending attack also allowed Castro and his troops to prepare. Despite the numerous setbacks, Kennedy pushed through with the attack hoping that the citizens of Cuba would support it. They never did (Bay). The invasion at the Bay of Pigs was intended to crush communism by overthrowing Fidel Castro. The invasion was an attempt of the United States to attack Cuba under the guise of a local political dilemma. The invasion failed, resulting in the loss of lives and the humiliation of the Free World.The event has indeed proved that a noble intention does not guarantee success. Works Cited Bay of Pigs Invasion. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2008 . Microsoft Corporation. 11 June 2008 . Sierra, Jerry A. Invasion at Bay of Pigs. History of Cuba. 30 July 2007. 11 June 2008 . Wars and Battles Bay of Pigs Invasion. U-S-history. com. 12 June 2008 .

Marketing Plan for Toyota Prius Essay

1. Executive SummaryToyota Motors is preparing to launch the new Toyota Prius crossing. The Prius pass on be development the Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) with features combining highly cost-effective petrol engine and an electric motor. The electric vehicle (EV) allows the Prius to run purely for low hurly burly and zero fuel consumption (Toyota Company, 2012). Due to the ever change magnitude presence of green revolution, Toyota Motors wants to take advantage of the potential increase in demand for hybrid vehicles (Boschert, 2007). Having been voted the Worlds No 1 Hybrid in 2010 (Toyota, 2013), Toyota Motors consent made an executive decision to continue producing the Prius, giving the world its first mass-produced hybrid car. As a result, even before presentation this new produce it is important for Toyota Motors to prepare strategic marketing mastermind so that the Toyota Prius female genitalia impact the marketplace.2. Current Marketing Situation1. Product permit us ta ke a look at the Prius with respect to its exterior, interior, performance, safety and price (Toyota Company, 2013).Exterior The Prius has a distinct design shaped by using a comprehensive approach to aerodynamic theory and performance, contributing to its powerful performance and outstanding fuel competency.Interior The interior of the Prius expresses the spirit of innovation which is nimble and inviting. The Prius is fully equipped with soft lines which flow around the occupants as passengers and drivers alike relax comfortably.Performance The Prius is a combination of highly efficient engine with a fully equipped electric motor. The HSD provides a smooth, responsive performance which includes low fuel consumption and low exhaust emission.Safety The Prius ensures peace of mind. This means that it is fully equipped with active and passive safety measures that integrate the use of advanced technologies helping to ensure the highest level of safety.Price The Prius is currently pri ced at RM 139,915 with insurance for consumers in Peninsular Malaysia. As technology for the Prius increase, Toyota will surely lower its market price so as to make it more affordable for consumers.2. Market selective information concord to a survey done by J. D. Power published in 2012, almost 23% of respondents have indicated that the next car they would buy or lease would most likely be a hybrid car such as the Prius (Tuttle, 2013). Toyota being the top manufacturing hybrid car company has certainly managed to push beyond its original niche status and become a best seller across the globe.3. CompetitionThe Prius continues to face intense competition from other(a) automakers. One of Toyotas main competitors is Ford. Ford has recently launched the C-Max. The C-Max has been impressive recording higher sales than the Prius V (Turtle, 2013). In January 2013, Bloomberg reports that Ford hybrid sales have increased five-fold. Ford has sold 6000 hybrids in January 2013 as compared to o nly 1200 in January 2012 (Trudell, 2013). Erich Merkle, Fords sales analyst has even reported that we are aspect toward 2013 as being a record sales year for our hybrid vehicles. Also, Fords market share has increased from 7% in 2012 to 16% in 2013.4. Macro-EnvironmentWe will be using the PESTLE analysis as a tool to clearly identify and analyze the key drivers of change in the business environment (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2008. As stated by Orfano, this PESTLE tool allows the assessing of the current environment and potential changes (Orfano, 2011). We shall look at these 6 factors based on the research done by Sin and co (Sin, 2012).Political Factors The Prius has a positive political impact because by manufacturing these hybrid cars, a country reduces the dependence on petrol. This is true for countries that do not produce oil.Economic Factors Consumers will begin to select the Prius because of the fuel savings over time benefits. Also, the cost of insurance and road t ax for the Prius is relatively lower that a normal gasoline car.Social Factors Since change in the climate is a serious issue, Toyota should produce a vehicle which will not bring pollution to the environment. Although the Prius is significantly higher in value than conventional cars, with technology increasing in the near afterlife it is very likely that the price of the Prius will decline accordingly as the Prius technology become more familiar.Technological Factors Hachman suggests the technology used in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles is the idea of using the batter powered car. The recharging time is one and a half hours for 240V AC or three hours for 120V AC. The plug-in will switch to hybrid mode, providing an estimated 49 miles per gallon (Hachman, 2011). In order to increase mileage, the Prius is built from a body of lightweight materials such as carbon fiber, aluminum, magnesium and titanium.Legal Factors concord to the United States department of might lead platforms office (LPO), it encourages advance clean energy technologies. This is to contribute meaningfully to the objectives of including job creation, reducing dependency on strange oil, improving environmental legacy and enhancing American competitiveness in the global economy of the 21st century (U.S. Department of Energy, 2005).Environmental Factors The Prius unlike other cars does not produce gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur oxides, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon and lead which can cause many health problems. not only does the Prius, provide a public benefit but at the same times it does not compromise on its safety, quality and functionality.3. SWOT AnalysisIt is importance to identify Toyotas organizational strengths and weakness together with its opportunities and threats. The ultimate goal is to identify Toyotas core competencies things that Toyota has or does relatively well as compared with competitors (Schermerhorn, 2011).Strengths Weaknesses Best fuel efficiency of any midsize car Fuel economy varies and optimization requires careful driving Spacious interior Premium price compared to similar non-hybrid cars Good performance compared to non-hybrid vehicles some other cars are available in the same price range with significantly Comfortable higher performance Quiet at all speeds Requires more energy to build than comparable non-hybrid cars Smoother transmission than most other cars Appeal of latest technology Minimal impact on environment Excellent win on crash test Opportunities Threats It is likely that petroleum will cost more in the future as suppliesHigh mileage clean diesel based cars are becoming more available and diminish which may increase demand will grab market share Awareness of environmental concerns is growing Other hybrids such as the Ford C-Max will soon enter the market Sales are likely to spread new markets in developing countries over Toyotas recent negative press and widespread recalls are l ikely to time scare some potential buyers. (Halbright, 2010)4. ObjectivesIncrease sentience of Toyota Prius by 50% in the next 3 years targeting new markets in developing countries.Increase total sales of Toyota Prius by 40% by the end of 2013 (Refer to Appendix Note 1)Invest substantially in positioning a distinctive Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) projecting low noise and zero fuel consumption.Start positioning Toyota Prius as an environmental friendly family car.5. Marketing StrategyCreative Strategy The Toyota Prius offers features that no other car offers. This in itself is its unique selling point and should be emphasized in market promotions. As a start to achieve the increase in awareness, promotion should trim on the education aspect.Communication Mix As for communicating the Prius, two factors should be considered a) the type of product (high involvement) and the breaker point in the product life bicycle (introduction). With regards to high involvement, personal selling is important because it provides more conviction of purchase. Personal selling will be carried out by the local car dealers who involve to have sufficient knowledge on the Prius. Personal selling will also include targeting corporate companies or fleet buying segment. As for the stage in the product life cycle, sales promotion is most effective trigger for a purchase. Sales promotions are useful at the beginning of the product life cycle to increase acceptance or provoke a test drive.Media Strategy The internet plays an important role. A direct mail will be sent to potential buyers and enable buyers to purchase the Prius online which would include a downloadable e-brochure. All advertisements will bear the Prius web address to make it easy for buyers to give away it. Besides that, print adverts will be placed in quality newspapers especially those newspapers with weekend car editions such as The Star, New Straits Times, The cheer and so forth Also, since the television is a good me dium to target a wider audience it should be a priority. The TV stations would include TV3, NTV7 etc. Not forgetting outdoor billboards positioned at specific junctions. This could be complemented with a TV and print advertising where it is visible for potential buyers to see.Pre-Launch This is crucial to get potential buyers excited just about the new and upcoming Prius. Focusing on the pre-launch could potential determine how well the Prius sells. Consequently, an aura of excitement should be built from social media, direct mail, advertising, television adverts etc. This would also create awareness for the product that has a long purchase cycle and a long decision time.6. Action ProgramsSubsequently the action program will be over a span of 3 years. So as to align our action program with our objectives, our marketing strategies will directly jut to achieve the objectives in which we set out. (The breakdown of the action program is attached in the Appendix Note 2-4)7. Projected kale and Loss descriptionsThe Projected Profit and Loss Statement would project a gross profit of RM 172,787.50. This comes from a projected unit sale of 2,500 units. (The breakdown of the Projected Profit and Loss Statement is attached in the Appendix Note 5)8. ControlsSo as to maximize the return on the marketing plan, there holds to be controls in place to monitors the plans progress (Anderson, 2013).Customer Feedback To monitor the marketing plan, Toyota needs to monitor customer feedback through polls and surveys. Toyota can reach our buyers indirectly through hosting online polls on the Internet. Consequently, surveys can be done with marketing groups or via individual interviews by phone or in person.Target Market Sales The Toyota Prius sales can be measured by the units sold. This is also done through market survey or at the point of sale. For example, if the target market is male ages 40 to 50, then market sales reports would monitor sales made to that group. On the other hand, if sales are down, then further market research would need to identify sales made to that group.Budgeting This would include printing expense, travel expenses for trade shows, cost of market research studies and internal personnel costs. These costs would need to be closely monitored to minimize spending and maximize profitability.Market Share Toyota would need to control market share which is the percentage of consumer sales dominated by the Prius. According to Turtle, the Toyota Prius market share decrease from 68% in 2012 to 60% in 2013 (Turtle, 2013). Subsequently, Toyota would need to increase market share and continue to place the Prius stamp in the marketplace.

ICAS Report Planning Template Essay

ABC Ltd supplies a complete range of carpets and furniture to the general public. ABC Ltd has over 75 nationwide high street shops in all major UK cities and many large towns. ABC Ltd also has a 24/7 online shop which is on the head office site in Aberdeen. Over the past seven years the partnership has grown steadily and now has revenue of over 29 million. It employs around 400 full-time staff. Who are the line of argumentes major stakeholders ( upcountry and external) and why?Major stakeholders of the business could be anyone who has an interest in the business.The business is the sole supplier of a range of furniture. The relationship with this supplier is crucial to the success of the business due to the competitive advantage that it offers ABC.Accounts Department (PIC 1.1, 1.4)How big is the Accounts department? What is the purpose of the accounting voice? What type of organisational structure is there? Where does the accounts department unsex its information from? How does the accountsdepartment inter-relate with other(a) departments within the business?At ABC Ltd the accounts department consists of the Finance Director, identify Accountant, General Ledger and Inventory Clerk, Accounts Payable Clerk, accounts receivable clerk, costing technician As well as payroll and personnel database clerk. The departments deal with the payments of invoices, comparing them to thepurchase orders and the contrast receipts. They also monitor the stock and requirement for purchase orders.The department is also responsible for the credit control function, monitoring customers and the payment of the staff wages.In order to carry out these roles Accounts are forced to interact with the whole of the organisation to gather information.ABC use an account spackage which is fully integrated with the rest of the business software. The use an Enterprise Management System called PRONTO. This software allows for multi user access which can be restricted based on job roles. Non accounts users can see, simply not change essential financial data, such as supplier and customer balances.Describe (in relation to the organisation) the 3 main financial statements Income statement, SOFP and Statement of Cashflow. (PIC What do they show? Who uses them? What decisions are made based on them?IncomeStatementSOFPStatement ofCashflowIncome statements illustrate ABC Ltd profit or loss over a authentic periods of time. The income statement records all revenue, losses and operating(a) expenses for the business. The IS can be used to show profitability of thecompany. Income statements are used by stakeholders, company accountants, financial directors andmanaging directors. The income statements compared with other income statements within ABC Ltd over a period of time orcompanies within the same sector will be able to determine the operating performance of ABC Ltd. Managers and the companyaccountant may be able to find out what areas of the business are over budget or at a lower place budget and make necessary changes.Statements of Financial Position (SOFP) illustrate a snap shot of the business financial condition. The SOFP includes the assets and liabilities of ABC Ltd. This is ia good indicator of the fluidness of the business. This statement will again be used by stakeholders, company accountants, financial directors and managing directors. Managers and the company accountant may be able to quickly get a handle on the financial strength and capabilities of the business, its also demonstrates if ABC s assets is enough to cover its liabilities, how liquid its assets are if ABC was to guard bankruptcy, if the business is in a position to expand etc.Statements of Cash flow illustrate the amount of cash generated and used by the business in a given period of time. Again this gives an indication of liquidity and working capital management. This statement will again be used by stakeholders, companyaccountants, financial directors and managing dire ctors. Managersand the company accountant may be able to determine whether the business has enough cash to cover payroll and other immediate expenses or liabilities, as well as allow potential lenders to decide whether or not ABC Ltd is able to pay of its liabilities.What accounting regulations cover the preparation of the above financial statements? (PIC 2.1)In the UK, financial statements are governed by UKGAAP (UK Generally AcceptedAccounting Principles). They are also governed by the Companies Act What other accounting regulations and industry specific regulations does the company have to surveil with? Does the company have to deal with Money-Laundering regulations? Does the company come under Sarbanes-Oxley? (PIC 2.1)The company also has to comply with the data egis act as they hold customer and staff information. Non compliance with this act can have severe financial and reputational implications.They are also required to comply with any rules set out by HMRC when paying e mployees and also calculating the tax liability of the business. The company does not have to comply with Sarbanes Oxley as this all affects companies registered with the New York Stock ExchangeWhen the company has to deal with a change to the above regulations how does it organise this? In what way are system users affected by the change How do they get to find out about the change? (PIC 1.5)The Finance manger and HR manager monitor all regulations and alert the business when changes are made that will affect how the business operates. Changes are implemented by ensuring all staff are made aware of the change via internal communication methods. If need be employees are trained to ensure they fully understand the changes taking place.

Effects of Online Advertisements on Newspaper Advertisements Essay

Advertisements end either take the trunk of move announce by dint of composition publishers, cartridges, brochures, and fliers or in non- bulls eye form such as those found in television, radio, video, and internet. The key purpose of advertisings is to bring to the attention of potential customers the existence of a new growth or service. A nigh(a) ad should be able to persuade the potential customers to purchase and keep them motivated to do a certain action (Tolani, 2010). While the intimacy of advertising has not changed from the act of influencing the decision of a potential customer, the form of advertizement has radu totallyy evolved with new advertizement media emerging. Radio advertisement emerged with the coming of radios in the 1920s. The trope of people who owned radios sum upd to near 82% by 1940. However, television was introduced in the 1950s, and was soon a common appliance in almost all ho delectation upholds. This resulted in the increase of tele vision advertisement expenditure to nearly $1. 5 billion by 1960s. Outdoor advertisement can be traced back to the pose World War era to the American Safety Razor Company in 1925 when it advertised a brushless shaving cream on a mega billboard (Tolani, 2010).The advent of video cassette rec companionships saw a new trend in advertisement during the period between the early 1980s and late 1990s. The video cassette recorders became in truth popular with viewers, but video advertisement met a study hitch as viewers easily fast-forwarded ONLINE AND news grade advertizement 11 through and through with(predicate) advertisements patch watching tapes. This compelled firms to resort to harvest-festival discoerment in which their products were utilized in television shows and films. The latest media development in this field is the use of internet for advertising. there has generally been an increase in computer ownership and the use of internet has rapidly grown. It might not be e asy to predict the advertisement media that pull up stakes be longly used in the futurity. However, it is an open fact that advertisements pay go by to improve and strive to flummox much useful to credit linees and to the consumer (Tolani, 2010). Entrepreneurs and personal line of credit managers atomic number 18 faced with the challenge of making a option for an advertising media on a daily basis.This is because the success of their establishments greatly depends on the ability of the enterprisers and managers to create product and service aw beness, build their firms image and reputation, and generate sales leads and taxations. These efforts can notwithstanding be originalized by the use of report and magazine advertisements, radio advertisements, television advertisements, outdoor advertising, web advertising, among some(prenominal) opposite advertising media. What result determine the final medium choice whitethorn vary from unmatched business to an other an d the motley factors that argon in play toward meeting the specific business objectives (Patsula Media, 2007).Irrespective of the medium of advertisement that a business chooses to use for its products and services, it is historic to note that some(prenominal) the print advertising and online advertising atomic number 18 extremely necessary, given that the approaches toward some(prenominal)(prenominal), the purposes, and even the audiences be very different. It is not very well(predicate) to consider one of these media as more potent that the other on mere basis of seasonal variance because either whitethorn oertake the other at some give magazine. A good number of people also drive home nark to both consultations and this makes it ONLINE AND paper ADVERTISEMENT 12 mportant for enterprisers and business managers to give due consideration to both (Web Windows, 2010). Thesis Statement given over the increase growth of discipline that is unattached over the internet and the subsequent increase in the number of people who tend to spend more time on the internet, companies are turning to advertise their goods and service online so as to jinx this newly generated market. Emphasis has hence shifted to the assertable effectuate that this emerging trend of online advertisement may entertain on theme publisher advertisement, both in popularity and advertisement revenue. Statement of the ProblemAdvertisement plays a very important function in the trading processes as it is the only centre through which a business can bring to the attention of the consumers about their products, introduce a new product in the market or promote the sales of an existing product or service. All these are core activitieswithout which, a business setup cannot effectively compete for customers in the already-crowded market. Though there are numerous media through which a business may place its advertisements, the most commonly used medium is the newspaper because of i ts full ratifiership and circulation.With the advent and advancement of technology, newspaper publishers have embraced nurture technology to an extent of presenting their publications both as paper and online versions. This advancement message that enterprisers have the option of choosing which version of a newspaper through which to place their advertisements. This provide mainly be determined by an entrepreneurs own evaluation of the medium that leave best suit the business needs. Lately, there ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 13 as been growing debate about the popularity of online newspaper and newsprint. This debate cannot escape the attention of entrepreneurs who significantly rely on these news media for their advertisements. thither is general consensus that online versions of newspapers are gaining popularity among referees worldwide. Could this increasing popularity and, to some extent, translate into increased preference by entrepreneurs to place their adverti sements online instead of the newsprint version of newspapers? Background of the ProblemGiven the fundamental role which newspapers play in the advertisement of goods and services by businesses, it is only important that entrepreneurs give special attention and critical evaluation on the volume of readership and scope of circulation of both the online version and newsprint version of newspapers. This would mean that new considerations are factored in when making a choice for advertisement media by business contrary to previous emphasis that focused only on readership and circulation. Ability to access n advertisement by potential customers is a major concern that attracts heated boardroom debates in companies, particularly due to intense competition for the crowded market. The significance of an advertisement media with affect to scope of outreach means that both entrepreneurs and advertisement agencies have a responsibility to adopt the use of advertisement media capable of opti mizing market outreach for a product or service. Key aspects for consideration with see to it to choice of advertisement media are mainly in areas of repoint audience and access.These entail considerations of readership and circulation which would ensure that an advertisement reaches the highest number of target audience within the shortest time possible and draws attention in the most appropriate course. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 14 While numerous entrepreneurs are coming up with several measures of ensuring they significantly save on advertisement costs for their products and services, advertising agencies are of the opinion that optimizing market outreach can best be achieved by choosing a media with huge readership and wide circulation.Key areas suggested by advertisement experts include impact and ability to attract attention among other advertisements. When due consideration is given to these two aspects, an advertisement media give be able to achieve market out reach by approximately 70%, which is equivalent to nearly 5% of the total product market in a crowded environment. It is generally agreed that upgrading of newspapers to online versions can help to significantly improve their readership and accessibility, translating to wider market outreach for online advertisements.Such advancement in technology has for long been credited as significant part of increasing readership, expanding circulation, and making lasting impact in advertisement. The most remarkable gain for online advertisement can be attributed to the increase in number of people owning computers and therefore spending a lot of time on the internet un same the numbers of people buying newsprint and the time they spend reading it. Justification for the StudyEffects of online advertisement toward newsprint advertisement are a welcome topic at this time when there is growing concern that newsprint advertisement is becoming less and less effective in an environment where consumer s are increasingly getting their information online and from other non-traditional sources. This belief has also drawn a lot of objection from newspaper advertisement sales agent who insist that newsprint advertising is more effective than online advertising.To them, newsprint advertising is tangible, making it possible for a potential ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 15 customer to clip it out, hold in the hand and choose to the store unlike online advertisements, which is only visual. Though online advertisement can cost a business slightly more, it is becoming more popular with consumers and can and so not be simply brushed off. This calls for a strategy that will ensure that this advertisement medium is embraced without jeopardizing the profits of a business. Deficiencies in the evidenceThe choice of an advertisement media that an entrepreneur or a business opts to use for its products or services are mainly determined by sizing of business and the target audience whether th ey are other businesses, offspring, elderly, men or women. The access to an advertisement by these groups of persons is quite varied as all of them have their own preferences of media choices. The youth may be found of internet while the elderly may be accustomed to newsprint. While online advertising may make a large impact among the youth, it may not necessarily do the same(p) with the elderly or housewives.The surface of a business will also play a big role in the choice of advertising media. For example, small businesses may not have all the notes to invest in certain media which are considered expensive and are therefore a preserve for big businesses. Advertising is an expensive venture and may not be appealing or low-priced to all entrepreneurs. This means that the choice of a media may not necessarily be determined by its effectiveness but rather by the enthronement capacity of any given entrepreneur.Evidence obtained for this study will thus be influenced to a greater extent by individual entrepreneur considerations and not necessarily by the popularity of any given media. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 16 Definition of Terms Advertising Media refers to means by which an advertising message is carried to potential customers and includes television, radio, internet, magazines, newspaper, and signage Online Advertising refers to advertising that is done over the internet Newsprint Advertising refers to placing advertisements on a newspaper Purpose of the StudyThe purpose of studying effects of online advertisement toward newsprint advertisement is to 1. Ensure that entrepreneurs are provided with ample information regarding the various advertisement media to enable them make informed choices 2. Ensure that myths revolving effectiveness of either newsprint advertisement or online advertisement are eliminated and substituted with live statistics 3. Ensure that advertisement agencies are able to adjust their media in a manner that will enable busi nesses reach their target audience in the most effective way and at the least cost possible 4.Ensure that recommendations are make that would help entrepreneurs make a choice on the most effective media for their advertisements. This study is significant because it would help in ensuring that useful information is make available to help entrepreneurs with their advertisement decisions, particularly those focusing on newsprint and online advertisements. It will also ensure that advancements in technology are ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 17 embraced and advertising services evolve to best meet the opportunities and challenges of the future with regard to market outreach.Hypotheses The following hypotheses were tested in this study 1. H01 Advertising plays a central role in business success. HA1 Advertising does not play a central role in the success of a business. 2. H02 around businesses advertise on newsprint media. HA2 Most businesses do not advertise on newsprint media. 3. H03 Most entrepreneurs prefer to use online advertisements for their products. HA3 Most entrepreneurs do not prefer to use online advertisement for their products. 4. H04 Newsprint advertising is more effective that online advertising.HA4 Newsprint advertising is less effective than online advertising. 5. H05 Online advertising is the future of product advertisement. HA5 Online advertising is not the future of product advertisement. Summary The shift in focus by entrepreneurs and businesses to put more attention on online advertisement instead on the traditional advertisement media is broadly seen as one of the main steps toward technological revolution of the advertising effort. This would go a long way in realizing wider market outreach and increased sales for businesses and publishers who embrace the internet for their publications.This, in essence, would mean increased readership for online version of newspapers, translating into bigger profit margins. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVE RTISEMENT 18 This study has been designed to seek various modes of newspapers as major advertisement media which can be used by entrepreneurs and businesses to advertise their products and services. Special focus has been given to sense impression Newsprint and wizard Online, which are Malaysias jumper lead English publications. Chapter two of this work is an extensive literature review on matters relating to online and newsprint publications as well as online and newsprint advertisement.Chapter three is an outline of data collection and treatment while chapters four and five respectively present findings and discussions. Chapter six outlines major conclusions and recommendations. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 19 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction Newspapers have conventionally played a very significant role in the advertisement of goods and services. This has been mainly attributed to their wide readership and circulation since they can be easily obtained, from the ne arest street vendor to the biggest shopping mall in the biggest city.The readership of newspapers also cut across all ages, sexes, and social classes as they normally publish articles that would be useful to all these category of persons in one way or the other,. Newspapers have for long dominated the advertisement injection due to the low costs involved as compared to other advertisement media. Newspaper comes either as newsprint or online. Newspaper publishers have deep resorted to the two kinds of publication to meet the various demands of different readers (Mutter, 2010).The introduction of online version of newspaper has seen a significant drop in the readership of the print newspaper, and this trend is intercommunicate to continue into the future. This scenario which is almost inevitable and probably irreversible is generating big concern on the future of printed newspaper as well as newsprint advertisement. The impression of newspaper runs very important for publishers si nce it is responsible for the biggest volume of revenue for publishers, contributing nearly 90% of the total revenue for a newspaper company.psychoanalyst are quick to point that any attempt to rid of print newspaper would simply through publication companies out of business since the advertising revenue will almost drop to 5%, if not zero (Mutter, 2010). However, the continued survival of print newspaper will to a great extent be determined by consumer demands, good state of an economy, and the interest of marketers to use newsprint ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 20 advertising. It is predicted that with the diminishing economic prospects declining advertising revenue, there is a high possibility of a major drop in consumer demand for print newspapers.This is based on the fact that close to half of print newspaper readers are time-honored population who are statistically likely to pass out with time. The younger population is not found of print newspapers, and this habit will probably accompany them to old age. Unless this readership habit of the younger population changes, it is quite evident that the print newspaper readership will continue to shrink as the healed population slowly makes their exit, leaving the younger population that has already formed a habit of not reading the print newspaper (Mutter, 2010). Evaluation of yarn-dye Newspaper cross newspaper has conventionally been associated with a number of advantages, which have probably made it very popular. It is generally agreed that print newspapers have fast(a) readership, which makes it a powerful advertising tool as compared to internet. Print newspaper is considered very effective when a particular geographic area is existence targeted for example, when you deficiency to notify people of about a forthcoming sporting event. For those who have information to convey, print newspaper is more flexible in terms of quad as one is able to determine the size that would best suit his/her needs.C ertain print newspapers enjoy many loyal fans, thus increasing their readership (Lad, 2009). On the other hand, print newspapers have certain disadvantages. Print newspaper generally has limited lifespan, meaning they are only available to the public for a atomic number 53 day after which they are withdrawn from sale. Print newspaper may not give a wide reach as compared with internet that has a global audience. Print newspapers have the limitation in terms of the ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 21 audience who may actually read it, and certain copies may actually not be available on demand at all times (Lad, 2009).Evaluation of Online Newspaper Online newspapers tend to offer information to the reader much more right away as compared to the print version. The online version is always available on the internet before the print version is on the streets. Online publications can normally be updated several times in a day with the latest news and happenings. Moreover, while print version is purchased, online newspapers are accessed free of charge. This makes it possible for a reader to use a wide spectrum of newspapers possible.Online versions enable users to make use of links to divide large units of information into more easily predigested portions, and to search information in the newspaper is also automated. Readers of online versions are able to archive articles on the computer, contact editors via e-mail, and use interactive games (Lad, 2009). The disadvantages attributed to online versions included the fact that they do not give detailed reports on all the subjects and tend to omit several sections found in the print version. This limits information available to the online reader.Reading from a computer does not convey the traditional experience of reading a newspaper, which is a key characteristic of print newspaper. During peak times when several users are scrambling to access news, the smoothload times are very long. Online newspapers are charact erized by so many links which are quite confusing instead of being useful, particularly the amount of research necessary and the need to constantly check the link address. hotshot gets tired looking at the computer screen and it may take time to get used to them (Lad, 2009).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 22 Case Study spark advance Online and unity Newspaper The hotshot is one of the leading English language newspapers in Malaysia. The statistics issued from the Audit Bureau of Circulation indicate that the print version of this newspaper has a daily circulation of nearly 950,000 copies while the Sunday champ records a readership of nearly 850,000. The publication is mainly owned by the Malaysian Chinese Association. The main competitors of this publication are The Sun and the New Straits Times, which are also published in English.The Star newspaper traces its history back in 1971, when it was first published as a regional newspaper in Georgetown. By 1976, the newspaper had gained national circulation in Malaysia, and established its headquarters at the countrys capital, Kuala Lumpur. The growth in business saw the company buy the farm to Petaling Jaya, where it is currently based (Star Publication, 2009). The companys print newspapers, The Star day-to-day and The Sunday Star are published in five different editions. devil of the editions cover the northern eninsular states of Penang, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Perak. cardinal other editions cover the larger country. The Star Daily is divided into sections consisting of the Main Paper, StarBiz, StarTwo, Star Metro, and classified section. The features of the Main Paper are predominantly local and international news. The StarBiz is mainly concerned with trade and reports on market trends, financial reports, and stock market updates. On the other hand, Star Two mainly feature articles on entertainment, environment, science, lifestyle, and fashion among several others.Lastly, the content of Star M etro is varied and tends to focus more on the area of circulation (Star Publication, 2009). The continued demand by the publications readers saw the outcome of The Star Online, which is an internet version of The Star newspaper. This was in response to the persistent ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 23 demand for an online version of the newspaper, and it finally made entry into the market in 2005. The company prides its strengths as a newspaper on the cornerstones of internet and media ventures.The Star Online and its many components are divulged, managed, developed, and contributed to by the Star Division, The Star Online and Multimedia Newsdesk teams of The Stars Editorial Department (Star Publication, 2009). Newsprint Advertisement Advertisement can be traced to the emergence of trading activities from very early days as evidenced by archeological artifacts drawn from different parts of the world. With the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg who was a German Goldsmith, merchants were able to duplicate advertisements for their wares.By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, newsprint advertising had become the primary means for companies to communicate their sales and promotions to the consumers. This was mainly through media such as newspapers, magazines, fliers, posters, and billboards (Walker, 2010). Following the invention of printing press, advertisements became a common place in weekly newspapers and hourly journals. The items, which were mainly featured in such advertisements, included new machines, other print publications or reported the discoveries and inventions of the enlightenment era.The first newsprint to offer advertising space for sale was the French publication La Presse in 1836. This saw this newsprint being sold more cheaply, hence recorded increased readership and profitability. This move inspired other newspapers and magazines across the world to follow suit in this commercial strategy. In the contempora ry newsprint, advertising designers are able to visualize exceedingly creative commercials through digital image manipulation in order to make the biggest market impact (Walker, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 24 Newsprints still remain key advertisement medium for every business to such a point that it is hard to imagine doing business without advertising in a newspaper or a magazine. This is particularly important for small businesses that can hardly afford other media of advertisement. Paid-circulation newspapers have for long dominated the mass media market for advertisement as reflected in advertisement sales volumes. Newspapers are very popular with both multinational businesses and small- surmount dealers.This is probably due to the fact that businesses come in three distinct forms namely local, regional, and national newspapers each targeting different audience according to its scope of circulation (Patsula Media, 2007). Advantages There are a number of advantages that print newspaper advertisements have over online advertisements. Print newspapers have very wide circulation as almost every home in the city subscribed to daily access of a printed newspaper. Where the advertisement is intended to reach audience only in a particular geographical region, print newspaper readily permits this.The printed advertisement benefits from both permanence and desired obsolescence. This means that a reader is able to refer back or even cut out a particular advert. Print newspapers have a predictable frequency of publication, either on daily or weekly basis, making it possible for advertisers to target days of wider readership for their adverts (Brassil, 2010). The immediacy that print newspapers have makes it possible for urgent advertisements to be responded fast, thereby producing urgent results. When deadlines are short, it permits quick responses to changing market conditions.Readers are already accustomed themselves to getting advertisements on print newspapers to an extent that a good number buys print newspapers just to read advertisements. At the same time, print newspaper reading has nearly become a habit for ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 25 most people. Specific sector adverts can be very easily placed on the various sections of print newspaper such as sports, news, and classifieds to ensure the target is directly hit (Brassil, 2010). Print newspapers give advertisers a lot of flexibility both in size and placement.This means that production changes can be easily responded to whenever the need arises. Advertisements that are placed on print newspapers can be examined at empty since the exposure is not limited, thus readers are able to take their time going through the message. Since placement on print newspaper can be tailored to a size that suits the budget of the advertiser, it is possible even for small businesses to place their small adverts at low costs. Print newspapers offer wide options to advertisers whether place their advertisements as sham only, copy with graphics, colored, or black and white.Finally, print newspapers features supplements which readers can easily pull out and save (Brassil, 2010). Disadvantages Advertising on print newspaper has not escaped its own set of shortcomings. Because of the large number of advertisements which are featured on the newspaper, any particular advertisement must compete for readers attention. This means that readers who only spend a few minutes reading the print newspaper may fail to capture the advertisement. At the same time, there is hardly a guarantee that everybody who reads the print newspaper will read the advertisements placed in it.This is because a print newspaper has several sections and not all readers read every section of the newspaper. The short lifespan, normally daily, that newspapers have forces advertisers to insert multiple advertisements even for a whole week so as to reach a good number of readers. This may be expensive pa rticularly for small businesses (Brassil, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 26 Online Advertisement The revolution in information and communication technology has come with both opportunities and risks for the business community, particularly from the point of view of the traditionally-established media.Internet as a form of computer assisted communication is equally unsure for the print media. The technical potential in advertisement that online newspaper offers surpasses that of the printed newspaper in several ways. Online newspaper is interactive multimedia for providing internal and external networks, while offering a selection of functions, possibility for regular updates, access to archives, rapid access to large number of newspapers, and being paperless, thus ensuring there is no problem of waste disposal (Neuberger, Tonnemacher, Bibl & Duck, 1998). AdvantagesThe economic constraints that businesses face on everyday basis often leave enterprises with very pocketable money to spare on advertising. This is more common among the small businesses who often find themselves light in the pocket. It is therefore important to opt for an advertisement medium that give optimum output and minimal costs. Online advertisement is generally seen to be complacent in this line than the traditional newsprint advertisement. When online advertisements are on a pay-per-click basis, an entrepreneur only pays when a potential customer clicks on the advert and ends up on the entrepreneurs website.This ensures that businesses only pay for leads that end up in their website as opposed to mass messages in the print newspaper that may or may not reach the target audience. There is therefore utmost return on investment for a business using online advertisement (Rogers, 2010). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 27 Online advertisement also works very quickly given the fact that the day that one gets started is the same day that results manifest. There is basically neither waiting period nor long startup process.Once an entrepreneur is ready to get started, he/she can very easily launch a successful advertisement promotion on a number of channels. This tends to produce quick results and the campaign can also be maintained for a longer period of time unlike print newspapers which have daily lifespan. Online advertisement enables businesses to target their markets more efficiently than print newspapers. This can be achieved through the use of social networks that an entrepreneur considers relevant to the campaign.Once these social networks are identified, a business can dig very deeply into their niche, enabling them to produce the maximum results with very little investment (Rogers, 2010). Advertising online has the advantage of giving fill out and thorough statistics that enables a business to tweak and optimize their campaigns to the maximum. This is a total deviation from newsprint advertising when one can do very little to track the success of one campaign as compared to another. Online advertising avails quite a number of information just at a mouse click.With online advertising, an entrepreneur is able to monitor the number of people who visits the business website, where they come from, what they did once they were there, and many other details. Online advertisement also allows full control and compend since one is able to manage how many times to show up in the search engines, thus make it possible to gain huge returns for the business (Rogers, 2010). Disadvantages One key disadvantage that is associated with online advertisement relates to advertising overload as there is incredible amount of clutter on most web pages.This arises from the fact that ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT every advertiser tries to draw the attention of web viewers, making readers have access to too much information which they can hardly digest. chthonic these circumstances, the web viewers normally choose to ignore the advertisements and th is will lead to low rates of return. Also, online advertisement is still a new concept for many advertisement agencies, which simply cannot tell just yet which advertising method works best (Rogers, 2010). 28 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 29CHAPTER 3 methodology Introduction In research undertaking, the methodology section is one of the crucial areas to be tackled in a plan document because it forms the basis of the results of research findings. A research can be faced with big challenges due to wrong choice of method used. To avoid this, good planning of the method is essential and in order to get reliable results. The issue of reliability establishes that a research should have the ability to show consistency in the results even after a study is repeatedly done by different researchers.Reliability in research study can also be enhanced through good structure of the methodology. When the correct data collection methods are used, proportional samples are collected, and the co rrect method of analysis is used, a research can achieve validity. Since this thesis is inductive in temperament, it prompted the lotion of a qualitative methodology. This means that the views of newspaper publishers and advertisement experts have been given a lot of weight. This was done by administering both physical and online questionnaires as well as conducting in-depth interviewseach lasting nearly 45 minutes.Those interviewed had to be newspaper publishers, advertisement agencies, and general newspaper readers in Malaysia who have been in the sector for the last five years. Moreover, at the time of the interview, they were actively engaged in related media and general businesses. This ensured very rich data was collected from persons with a wealth of experience. Data Collection Methods The key purpose of data collection was to ensure that a rich set of description was obtained. To achieve this, the interviews were transcribed in real time by the interviewer.The ONLINE AN D NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 30 responses were then reduced and analyzed by adopting principles of data codification and clustering (Miles & Huberman, 1994). This was supplemented by administration of questionnaires as well as comprehensive review of relevant literature. Sources The data gathered for this research is from a wide range of documentary sources relating to newspapers as advertisement medium in general as well as those specifically relating to print newspaper and online newspaper giving special emphasis to The Star Publications.These mainly included policy documents and academic and the non-academic documents. First, journals on newspaper advertisements were searched. Second, electronic databases were searched using key words like newsprint advertisement, online advertisement real The Star newspaper and effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Literature review included both conceptual and empirical works, with about 15 articles reviewed for this study. Interviews The interviews dwelt on the following areas ? The considerations when choosing advertisement media ?The relationship between newspaper readership and circulation and advertisement impact ? The means of promoting advertisement on both print newspaper and online newspaper so as to enable business reap maximum benefits from these advertisement media ? What the future holds for print newspapers and online newspapers, with emphasis on The Star Daily and The Star Online. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 31 Questionnaires A questionnaire survey of the newspaper publication sector was conducted to understand the aspects of print newspaper and online newspaper advertisements in Malaysia.The survey was explanatory in nature as the objective was to gain insight on the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. The questionnaire was administered to nearly 100 Malaysia entrepreneurs, 100 Star Publication readers, and over 100 advertisement experts. The set sent to t he entrepreneurs and advertisement experts included a cover letter, which explains the purpose and need for the study, the questionnaire document, and a prepaid reply envelope. Letters reminding the respondents of the questionnaires were ulterior sent to those who had not responded within the three weeks duration.Case Study This thesis involves classical use of case studies to gain a deeper insight through the application of a set of ideas. A multiple case study approach helps in developing a theory which is better grounded, more accurate, and more generalized (Eisenhardt & Graebner, 2007). Case studies are introduced to test the possible effects that advertising in online newspapers could have on advertising on print newspapers, and the users adoption of one over the other. The use of case study is important in practical testing of theories with practitioners in real life situation.The case study organizations are selected based on the idea of theoretical sampling. This is becaus e when it comes to building a theory, theoretical sampling tends to be preferred as compared to generalized concept found in statistical studies. This means that the cases are chosen for theoretical and not for statistical reasons (Schroeder, Linderman, Liedtke & Choo, 2008). An analysis has been developed on how the use of online advertisement is steadily gaining popularity among entrepreneurs in Malaysia, and particularly the use of The Star Online.ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 32 Survey Analysis From the nearly 100 questionnaires that were mailed to entrepreneurs, 85 were returned. This represented an 85% response to the questionnaires. However, those that contained usable data were only 70, thus a satisfactory response rate can be said to have been reasonably attained. From the 100 questionnaires administered to advertisement experts, 80 were duly established and handed over. From these about 74 contained usable data representing nearly 80% response rate which can be consi dered satisfactory.Ninety-five out of the 100 readers of both versions of The Star duly responded to the questionnaires and all had useful data. graph 1 Treatment of Data In research, the data collected need to be synthesized in order to make sense with regard to what is being studied. The data from the questionnaires in this research were analyzed extensively to retrieve the information contained in them (Zikmund, 2003). The triangulation method for data analysis and reading material was used to interpret the data collected, basing arguments on grounded theory (Dick, 2000 Knafl & Breitmayer, 1991).In addition, the information obtained from the case study were analyzed individually and thereafter, a comparison was made between the different data sources. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 33 Research Limitations The main limitation that may be pointed out in this research is the use of a unmarried case study. However, it is also true that online advertisement is still a recent con cept that has not gained much popularity among entrepreneurs. At the same time, the single case approach has weight in the sense that it allows the achievement of a comprehensive analysis.Some of the information have also not been validated through multiple case analyses so as to provide a solid and practical basis for understanding the effects of online advertisement on newsprint advertisement. Rigor, Validity, Reliability, and ethics The four categories of quality management in research were highly considered. These include validity, reliability, ethics, and rigor (Zikmund, 2003). Reliability of a research is its ability to demonstrate consistency in results this was achieved through the control of sample by stratifying the population to get a more representative sample.On the other hand, validity is the ability of a scale to measure what it is intended to measure but not going beyond the topic of the study. The triangulation method was used to control this aspect in the thesis. Ethics involves bond to the norms accepted in gathering of information and this has been ensured by providing secrecy on the information collected from the entrepreneurs. Lastly, the rigor of the research was directed toward efficient sample size in a critical facet in any investigation.The main purpose that a researcher utilizes a sample is to reduce the charges and to collect important data faster (Zikmund, 2003). ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT Human Rights Protection The people who were interviewed were assured of their confidentiality. In addition, the information gathered ensures the peoples privacy. The entrepreneurs and their businesses will have their rights protected. Research Schedule/Timeline This research took a period of eight weeks. This is considered an ideal timeframe given the busy schedule of some of the subjects who were to be interviewed and have granted appointments at later dates.A detailed summary of the work plan for the research has been tabulated below Table 1 Work Plan hebdomad 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Research proposal Preliminary literature review search Literature review and writing Interviews Case study collection Interview editing, coding and interpretation Report interpretation Report writing and presentation 34 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 35 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS Research findings indicate that The Star Online is not yet well explored as regularly as The Star Daily print version.According to the survey, only 41% of the users of The Star Online read it daily, as opposed to the 60% who read The Daily Star daily. Chart 2 Seventy percent read The Star Online edition several times a week, while 80% read The Star Daily several times a week. Only 5% of online users say they never read a print version. Online newspapers are read less a great deal and also for shorter periods than printed newspapers. Four out of five users (81%) spend less than an hour reading The Star Online on days when they read it . Only 35% of print readers spend such a short time on it.About one-third of the readers of both The Star Online and The Star Daily were un ordain to pin themselves down to a particular time of day for reading the paper. One in four (25%) said they read The Star Daily between 5 and 9 a. m. The main time for reading The Star Online is around 6 p. m. (38%)this is the time preferred by users of the online edition, which can be read ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 36 on the evening before the printed version appears or which are updated several times in the course of the day.In The Star Online version, the classic sections of the newspaper are the most frequently used. The section Local News is also highly popular. One in three readers of the online version uses the archive frequently (32%) and only about one-third of users did not read the small ads (37%). Items with entertainment value or with feedback possibilities were not very popular. Clear differences emerged between the diffe rent kinds of versions, and this only shows that preferences are transferred from the print media to their online equivalents.Proof of this is the strong interest in Local/Regional Affairs of Internet users of local and regional newspapers or the importance attached to up-to-date information on politics and business matters. A number of questions dealt with the comparison of the information content of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily. Compared with the print version, the online newspaper was rated 45% of the respondents as providing more expanse of information, while only 30% voted in favor of the print version on this criterion 20% rated both versions on this count.The smaller size of The Star Online compared with The Star Daily may be the reason that the print newspaper was rated by considerably more respondents as providing greater scope of information. Chart 3 ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 37 Regarding finding information in the paper, the position is more posit ive for The Star Online 50% of users stated that they could find their way around just as well as in The Star Daily, while 20% were able to find their way around the online version better.With regard to entertainment value, 40% of users found The Star Online just as good as print version, 35% of users rated print version better and 27% kick upstairs online version. What about reader loyalty? About 65% would have chosen The Star Daily and just fewer than 30% would have preferred The Star Online, if only one of the versions had been available. The decision in favor of the print version was based on its portability, while the advantages of the online version were seen as being its accessibility from foreign the normal circulation area and the avoidance of unwanted paper.The main advantage, however, in the eyes of the respondents was that online newspapers are normally provided free of charge. It is therefore not surprising that only 35% of users would be prepared to accept a charge. Out of these, 80% stated that they would only be willing to pay for online newspapers if they were cheaper than print newspapers. Only 1% of those users willing to accept a charge could imagine paying more for online newspapers. Apparently, then, users are not willing to pay for the advantages of online newspapers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 38 CHAPTER 5 sermonThe case study of Star Publications shows that online newspaper users base their activities and/or deportations on the print newspaper and use or design their product accordingly. The online user knows what to expect of a site as the online version retains the name of the printed version, use a similar layout, and similar contents. Moreover, the positive image of a paper can be transferred to the internet. On the other hand, too strong orientation toward the printed original could mean that the possibilities offered by internet technology are not fully exploitedthat copy is simply lifted from the printed version.Given such trends toward the future consumption of newspapers, it is clear that online newspapers are steadily taking over the readership of print newspapers. This has the potential of influencing the choices of advertisement media, which entrepreneurs will be making regarding print newspapers or online newspapers. The concern for newspaper publishers would be about the timeframe for which their print newspaper audience would be big enough to disengage such huge investment toward publication and distribution of print newspapers.Similar concern would be to entrepreneurs and businesses which still rely heavily on print newspaper for their advertisements. Are they likely to continue using print newspapers for their advertisements or the trend would most likely shift toward online newspapers? The introduction of charges for use seems scarcely possibleat least not as long as the same or similar information is available on the Internet free of charge. The doubts of the advertising industry ma y evaporate as the Internet becomes increasingly widespread and commonly used (Mutter, 2010).ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 39 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Major Conclusions It would be quite wrong and misleading to rule out the future of print newspapers as advertising media just because of the increased use of online advertising. The reality is that paid circulation newspapers like The Star and Sunday Star still remain very popular advertising media for both local and international businesses. Print newspapers are the most aged forms of mass media, and will thus continue to be dominant in this field, recording big volumes of advertising revenue.Multinationals and local convenience store will continue to depend on print newspapers for their advertisements. Print newspapers are found in each and every community worldwide and readers are very fond of them (Brassil, 2010). both(prenominal) online and newsprint advertisement have their characteristics which show strong and weak points. This explains why despite the perceived decline in readership of print newspapers, a scan through a print newspaper will reveal a number of businesses that continue to place their advertisements on daily basis.The continued presence of advertisements on newsprint clearly indicates that it still works as a very effective advertisement medium. Although printed newspaper no longer enjoys exclusive monopoly as the predominant source of news, it is clear that they still remain a strong factor in their specific sphere of influence, and online advertisement is not about to edge it out (Brassil, 2010) Recommendations 1. Entrepreneurs should highly consider using both print and online newspapers for their advertisements since both have reasonable number of loyal readers. ONLINE AND NEWSPRINT ADVERTISEMENT 2.When placing advertisements on online newspapers, designers should avoid putting a lot of emphasis on feedbacks since readers rarely give them attention. 3. Advertisemen ts on both versions of newspapers should be critically placed on segments that are frequented by readers so as to attract their attention with ease. 4. Links placed on online newspapers should be more easy to use so that readers can easily navigate through the paper. 5. Most advertisements that target younger persons should be preferably placed on online newspapers while those targeting older people should be placed on print versions.

Healthcare Disparity In Different Race Health And Social Care Essay

The fall in States health c ar strategy has been found to destinationure from un analogous defects runing from the mode in which the insurance secrete works, to the mode in which persons in incompatible races atomic number 18 treated. Further more, the US over the old ages has been badly touch by the favoritism in incompatible horizontal surfaces base on age, sex, gender, sexual orientation, to call just now a few. In add-on, many a(prenominal) people have been denied wellness tending, or have had their medical intervention withheld collect to their cultural position, or gender orientation. Therefore, as a consequence a routine of studies have been conducted in dictate to come up with an efficient system of extinguishing these jobs. Therefore, in this pastimeion, the research wishes to explain that disparities in heath circumspection do rightfully be, that notwithstanding though they tend to be elusive, in that respect are assorted schemes which when employed good could take to decreased spots of disparities, and increased quality of wellness care. Concepts and Definition of healthcare disparitiesHealthcare Disparities these relates to the differences, which exists sing the quality of the wellness care that is given to persons of opposite races, different ethnicities, socioeconomic groups, all morsel good as sexual orientation ( U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . Hence, different groupings in society receive different values in footings of quality, of the health care answers. In add-on, health care disparities has been regarded by the Health Resources and Services authorities as the differences that emerge come out of the goodt of the assorted population categorizations in footings of the manifestation of disease, wellness wakes, either sharpness good as the degree to which people submission health care go ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) .Research QuestionsThe research aims at accomplishing repli es to the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the nature of disparities in the United States?What are the prevailing disparities in the bringing of health care services?What is the feign of personal features on the quality of and entree to healthcare?What are the cardinal means to extinguishing disparities that exist in the health care service?Research AimsThe general aim for the research is to happen ways of extinguishing healthcare disparities in the United StatesSpecific aims are,To happen out the assorted signifiers of disparities in health careTo happen out the jobs the quality of health care disparities in the United StatesTo happen out the greatly affected persons in footings of health care disparitiesResearch Hypothesis* Null HypothesisIt is merely through a combined attempt that the prevalent wellness attention disparities could be eliminated* Alternate HypothesisHealth attention disparities can non be eliminated even through combined attempts.Significance/Purpose of surveyThe United States comprises of different groups of people both coming from different countries of the universe. All these persons quest for high-quality wellness attention services, which have been discovered to exhibit differential results in relation to different races. Therefore, this research is cardinal owing to the accompaniment that the supplying of efficient wellness attention is a demand for every one in the United States, like any other portion of the universe. Minorities suffer ascribable to these jobs.Restrictions of the surveyThis survey is limited to secondary stuffs which have already been published in that respectfore no pilot film beginnings used. It is farther limited to the informations collected in the US even though cognition of other parts of the universe have been critical to the development of this researchHealthcare Disparities in different RaceDisparity relates to the state of affairs characterized by the absence of equity in footings of one s ranking, ag e, every bit good as grade it really indicate to unfairness, divergency, incompatibility every bit good as difference ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, there is a close nexus between disparity in the health care services and equity. However, a figure of differences do be at the single degree. This includes the response of slight medicine because of the degree at which the disease under consideration is has reached. It could likewise be because of one s ain pick to have medicine imputable to systemic barriers towards the attainment of the necessary medicine it could be because of both factors, which have been outlined above ( AHRQ, 2003 ) .Furthermore, a demand for the designation of disparities is the expected quality of service to be attained by patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . However, the health care disparity that has been presented by the AHRQ operates under the premise that its quality of effectivity has been scientifically proven, by a original justification that it can be provided to all the patients ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . Consequently, all patients have a right to quality health care, but in order for that to be attained, they consume to hold entree to it. However, persons entree to healthcare exhibits changing dimensions as respects to the chance to have proper and effectual attention. Unfortunately, health care professionals have non hitherto attained conclusive determinations sing the appropriate agencies of achieving quality uplifting. Furthermore, different races exhibit different characteristics under consideration depending on the racial, cultural, geographic, every bit good as socioeconomic groups, and depending on the cogency of the measuring tool.Besides, persons have changing behaviours as a consequence of linguistic communication barriers, cultural beliefs, differences in the preference to quest for a timely health care, every bit good as the degree to which persons believe in the health care practicians ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . On the other manus, even tho ugh persons quest for health care services, they might be constrained by a figure of factors, including, but non limited to, persons capacity to afford health care, one s geographical location, the manner in which health care services is delivered, the attitude of the medical practician, every bit good as the degree of uncertainness exhibited by persons ( AHRQ, 2003 ) .In add-on, there are assorted persons involved in the health care proviso model. And these persons have changing mentality on the mode in which duty is to be divided runing from the single degree, the private, every bit good as the exoteric sectors degree. Hence, this facet possesses a strong challenge on the procedure of placing the proper class of action from the parties that are involved. Furthermore, the differences that exist in footings of quality of health care service to persons are non changeless but instead changing. Furthermore, differences, whether little or large, do non connote the urgency of the heal th care disparity. Hence, harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality even a littler disparity could connote an implicit in pressing demand to be addressed ( AHRQ, 2003 ) .Well, a desperate demand to understand the impact of the features of single patients on the quality of health care emerges. In add-on, it is really beyond doubt that persons differ in footings of race, ethnicity, instruction, location, income, every bit good as age, to call but a few. Harmonizing to the Agency for Health Research Quality study, it has been proofed that there is prevailing inequality in the quality of health care in the United States based on specific groups and specific fortunes ( AHRQ, 2003 ) . In add-on, one needs to understand the implicit in grounds for disparities, countries where disparities take topographic point, every bit good as the mode in which these disparities take topographic point.Therefore, disparities have been found to impact minorities more that whites that is, minor ities such as African Americans, Asiatic Americans, internal Americans, every bit good as Latinos ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004 ) . Furthermore, Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, who continue to admit the overpowering impact of disparities more on minorities with immense incidences of drawn-out diseases, great rate of mortality, in add-on to hapless results in footings of wellness ( p.4 ) , have besides truly repeat this avowal. For case, malignant neoplastic disease has been rated among the African Americans to be 10 % more compared to incidences of it among the white population in the United States ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Besides, a related incident has besides been identified in relation to the impact O diabetes on big African Americans every bit good as Latinos, who are seen to be twice hazardous than Whites ( American Public Health Association, 2004 ) . Therefore, as it has been statistically notice, minorities stand to lose every bit far as healthc are disparity is concerned. This concern is farther cited in lawsuits of cardiovascular unwellnesss, sister mortalities, every bit good as in instances of HIV/AIDS, whereby the minorities have been found to see increased incidences of the jobs under this consideration than Whites ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.5 ) .Harmonizing to Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, many treatments have been in advancement sing the drift for wellness disparities in line with cultural every bit good as racial groupings ( 1999 ) . Nevertheless, a consensus that unites all parties concerned in assorted arguments about wellness disparities includes three major countries. Chiefly, one are relates to the environmental every bit good as socioeconomic characteristics of the assorted cultural every bit good as racial categorizations ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . In add-on to this is the understanding that people populating in hapless societal conditions, exhibit a higher hazard of obt aining hapless quality health care the same applies to hapless economic status persons ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Secondly, some categorizations of people touch up with assorted barriers in their due pursuit to entree wellness attention proviso system ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.6 ) . Third, it has besides been cited out that different cultural every bit good as racial categorization groups do obtain different quality of wellness attention based on their racial and cultural beginning ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.7 ) .However, put aside the aforesaid causes of disparities, the most of import demand is to hold an overview of the effects that these disparities have on the affected persons, both in footings of entree, every bit good as in footings of the quality of wellness attention attained. The same applies to ethnicity every bit good as racial disparities, in which there has been enormous research on over the old ages. Therefore, it is of import to observe that the information sing socio-economic wellness disparities is less outstanding comparison to the 1 on ethnicity and racial groups ( Isaacs, Stephen, and Steven, 2004, p.1137 ) .What causes disparities in the degree of entree to wellness attention? There are a figure of factors that lead to disparities in the entree persons have towards wellness attention, they include, but non limited to, the followers unequal coverage in footings of insurance. In this instance, it has been found out that people who lack entree to insurance services end up proroguing their entree to medical services. They are besides likely to disregard medical attention, or utilize medical potency without holding to travel for prescription, a scenario that has been observed more on minorities than on Whites ( Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, 2003 ) . Another cause of disparity in entree to wellness attention consequences from the insufficiency of a steady beginning of attentio n, which means persons fail to entree attention, or visit physicians less frequently, or neglect to entree drug prescription this incident has been observed more on minorities that on Whites ( Fryer, Dovey, and Green, 2000 ) .Next, minorities tend to hold unequal entree to wellness attention, compared to Whites, based on their insufficiency to fiscal resources ( Commonwealth fund, 1999 ) . This is because single with greater entree to fiscal resources are Whites, and non minorities, though some minorities excessively have fiscal gift. In add-on, legal barriers play important function in decision persons with entree to healthcare. This is because public insurance bundles tend to be limited merely to persons who have been in the United States for more than five old ages, and those who have non are denied Medicaid coverage ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2004, p.10 ) . Therefore, immigrants are more deprived than citizens are, therefore possessing higher degrees of disparities are. Ne vertheless, minorities besides seem to be limited in their entree to wellness attention due to structural barriers, such as unequal transit installations, every bit good as the failure to run into up with assignments to physicians, therefore decreasing the formulation of minorities to obtain necessary health care ( AHRQ, 2003 ) .Furthermore, the wellness attention work twitch, harmonizing to statistics comprise of 4 % African American doctors, and 5 % Latino doctors, which implies that there is a unequal diverseness in these cultural groupings compared to the Whites who are dominant hence whites provide services, while minorities tend to be patients ( Goldberg, Hayes, and Huntley, 2003, p.13 ) . Therefore, other factors include age, knowledge refering wellness attention, linguistic communication barriers, every bit good as the low figure of wellness attention suppliers.However, what causes disparities in the quality of wellness attention? The requirement for effectual interventio n, every bit good as wellness attention is proper communicating between the supplier and the patient. In add-on, a proper communicating channel surpasses race, because a bad communicating can do an wrong diagnosing, incorrect medicine, every bit good as misunderstanding of wellness attention supplier instructions. In add-on, the gravitation of linguistic communication barrier in the United States tend to impact non-English talkers compared to English talkers who will hold a decipherable appreciation of direction. The same applies to communications between patients and attention suppliers, in which instance the former tend to be influenced by their cultural beliefs refering Western medical specialty ( Goldberg, Hayes, Huntley, 2004, p.14 ) .There are some instances where favoritism hinders the proviso of quality wellness attention. Most of these instances consequences from an unconscious or witting disparity in the intervention of different services to different persons based on the ir race and ethnicity. For case, some serious operations might non be easy performed on minorities, but a figure of research role players still tend to mention an underlying demand to detect more accounts on the mode in which determinations are made by physicians. This owes to the fact that in some instances, some groups of diseases are based on cultural backgrounds that are non taken into consideration in the procedure of decision-making ( Smedley, and Nelson, 2002 ) .Research Design and MethodsThis is an preliminary survey, which analyses the assorted surveies that have been conducted by bookmans and professionals in this field of healthcare disparity. The chief grounds for taking exploratory survey is due to the restriction that exists in footings of coiffe every bit good as money. Second, this research comes because of legion researches done on the country and wants to happen out the result of these researches. Furthermore, the research explores the assorted instance surveies that have been conducted in this field of wellness attention. Besides, it besides emphasizes on papers analysis of the assorted historical every bit good as modern-day, public records, studies, authorities stuffs every bit good as sentiments. Hence, the usage of secondary informations analysis has been observed to have throughout the greater part of this research.The research is besides structured in a mode that ab initio an debut lays footing for the apprehension of the constructs that relate to wellness attention disparities in the United States. Consequently, the research inquiries are presented, and the chief drift for transporting out this research, including its relevancy.Decision and RecommendationFrom the above treatments, it is really apparent that wellness attention disparities do be, and that it is rather elusive to extinguish them. However, it is really of import to take into consideration all factors such as medical, societal, economic, every bit good as political issu es that could be employed in order to accomplish the Obama aim that relates to the attainment of low-cost, high-quality system of wellness attention bringing ( Collen, 2010, p.93 ) . Therefore, in order to accomplish this end, the research recommends that all relevant plans that are to be designed in order to cut down disparities should be evaluated extensively so that any defect is dealt with consequently. In add-on, the wellness attention work force should be balanced in a mode that both the minority and bulks are good represented. Likewise, wellness attention disparities should be eliminated with increased entree to services to all racial and cultural groups ( McDonough, Gibbs, Scott-Harris, Kronebusch, Navarro, and Taylor, 2004 ) . Consequently, all the relevant people in the wellness attention system should be inclined towards the publicity of the quality of wellness attention proviso to the minorities.Elsewhere, this research recommends the betterment of both organisation ever y bit good as adjustment services so that an ambiance of public security exists between the patients and the medical practicians concerned. Sing cultural disparities and discriminatory attitudes, people should be encouraged to follow themselves to understanding other civilizations in order to heighten their degree of tolerance in add-on to increased grasp of other civilizations and beliefs ( Brach & A Fraser, 200 ) . Finally, because one of the greatest jobs that affect minorities is linguistic communication barriers, therefore the proviso of translators in order to provide for foreign every bit good as those with hearing damage should be given support from the authorities. Finally, the inquiry of wellness attention disparity has been addressed in item both in footings of its nature, and in footings of the assorted ways, that disparity manifests itself in the wellness attention sector. Finally, the research worker proceeded to supplying reasoned recommendations and decisions sing the affair under consideration.

Calibration of Volumetric Glassware Essay

SummaryIn this experiment, The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the footprintment of the actual flashiness contents of ledgertric glassw atomic number 18. In the beginning of the experiment, the massestric glassware should be clean and dry before used. The masstric glassware, quantity cylinder and pipette should be handled with care and all the precautions were be taken during the experiment was held. This was to ensure to block any fallacys such as parallax error especially while reading weewee meniscus. This experiment moldiness be repeated three times or more and take the average reading to get more accurate data. By using the formulae, the cadence variance and sexual congress standard deviation could be calculated. As the result, the lower the standard deviation, the higher the consistency of an instrument. Although the instrument may measure a given sample, the cherish might need to be altered due to various conditions and errors.ObjectivesThe objecti ve of the experiments was toCalibrate a 10 mL volumetric pipette.Calibrate a 25 mL volumetric pipette.Calibrate a 100 mL volumetric flaskful.Calibrate a 50 mL measurement cylinderIntroductionVolumetric glassware is used to accurately measure volumes. Despite all of the tools and instruments available for the use of beat values of various data, it is unworkable to measure the true value of anything. This experiment is intended to develop a persons capacity to handle volumetric glassware. One mustiness agnize how to handle volumetric glassware to acquirethe best possible data from the equipment used in lab. Although the instrument may measure a given sample, the value might need to be altered due to various conditions. However, with practice and experience, we trick clench very close to the true value, gaining the ability to measure with twain high accuracy and precision. The objective of this experiment is to calibrate a 10mL burette and other volumetric glassware by calculat ing their correction values. By doing so, we can correct systematic errors caused by the burettes or glasswares values. A systematic error is an error in reading the graduated table when a physical quantity is being measured. Systematic errors are caused by the instrument, observer and surroundings. Another main type of error is random error. Random error is an error which occurs when the observer is reading the scale on the measuring instrument.Volumetric glassware is used to accurately measure volumes. In any given experiment, students may come across systematic errors or random errors. Random errors are not able to be corrected by a standard mean because they are not consistent. However, systematic errors are consistent and is able to be detected which allows students to correct the error that was found. So, using uncalibrated glassware will cause a systematic error. This error occurs because the volume reading given by the glassware is exquisitely different than the actual vo lume that is obtained in the glassware. In order to avoid systematic error, it important to calibrate the measuring instrument so that there is a standard value for zero which allows the measurement to be more accurate. calibration of volumetric glassware such as burette is carried out by crusadeing the amount of urine delivered. The temperature of the water used in the calibration must be known since the density of water changes.The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the measurement of the actual volume contents of volumetric glassware. If there is a slight variation in this instrument, it would cause systematic error and thus, the accuracy of results of an experiment or investigation would be affected. All volumetric glassware has marking on it. It is either being marked with TD or TC, which brings the meaning of to deliver and to contain respectively. For example, a pipette has a marking of TD, which means a pipette is markedas a to deliver. Whereas, volumetric flas k has TC as its marking, meaning it is marked as a to contain. A volumetric pipette & measuring cylinder can be calibrated by just measure the water they deliver. As for volumetric flask, the weight of an empty flask is recorded. Next, weigh the flask after filling it with water to the mark. After that, it is crucial to convert the mass to volume. The water density at a temperature will aid this process. The deference of the Volume Occupied by 1.000g of water system Weigh in Air table is deemed necessary throughout the comparison. In order to obtain the true volume of volumetric glassware holds, this formula will be used.This experiment shall be repeated twice or more to enhance accuracy of the results obtained. Besides catching systematic errors, this experiment would aid on the technique and understandings to the correct use of these equipments.Materials transpose pipette, cleaning solution/detergent, beaker, thermometer, distilled water, top loading balance, 10ml volumetric pi pette, 25mlvolumetric pipette, 100ml volumetric flask, 50ml measuring cylinder.Procedure1) Calibration of a volumetric pipette (10ml and 25ml)a) Transfer pipette was obtained. The pipette was cleaned because distilled water does not drain uniformly. A cleaning solution or detergent was used to clean the pipette.b) An empty beaker was weighted. Then, water was filled in the beaker. The temperature was recorded at uniform intervals.c) The 10ml pipette was filled with distilled water until it reaches the calibration mark.d) Water was drained into another beakere) The beaker filled with water was then weighted to find the mass of water delivered from the pipette.f) The following equivalence was used to convert mass to volume Volume(actual) = (grams of water) x (volume of 1g of water in table1)g) Step a f was repeated using 25ml pipette.1)2) Calibration of volumetric flask (100ml)a) A 100ml volumetric flask was cleaned and dried.b) The flask was weighted. Then, water was filled into th e flask. Transfer pipette was used to remove the excess amount of water filled in the flask so that it exactly reach the calibration mark.c) The flask filled with water was weighted to find the mass of water contained in the flask.d) Mass of water was converted to volume using the equation above.3) Calibration of a measuring cylinder (100ml)a) A 100ml measuring cylinder was cleaned and dried.b) The measuring cylinder was weighted. Then, water was filled into the measuring cylinder until it reached the calibration mark. Transfer pipette was also used to remove the excess water.c) The measuring cylinder filled with water was weighted to find the mass of water contained in the measuring cylinder.d) Mass of water was converted to volume using the same equation.Result and DiscussionResulta) Data10mL pipette campaign 1Trial 2Trial 3Mass of flask + water (g)42.6442.6642.66Mass of flask (g)32.7232.7232.72Mass of water (g)9.929.949.94Temperature (oC)282828Actual volume (mL)9.979.999.99 mean( a) volume (mL)9.98Standard Deviation,0.012Relative standard deviation ,/0.00120250mL pipetteTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3Mass of flask + water (g)121.08121.06121.04Mass of flask (g)96.6096.6096.56Mass of water (g)24.4824.4624.48Temperature (oC)282828Actual volume (mL)24.6024.5824.60Average volume (mL)24.59Standard Deviation,0.012Relative standard deviation ,/0.0004910mL pipetteTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3Mass of flask + water (g)158.42158.44158.42Mass of flask (g)57.1857.1657.16Mass of water (g)101.24101.28101.26Temperature (oC)282728Actual volume (mL)101.73101.77101.75Average volume (mL)101.75Standard Deviation,0.02Relative standard deviation ,/0.00019750mL measuring cylinderTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3Mass of flask + water (g)116.48116.48116.48Mass of flask (g)68.1868.1768.18Mass of water (g)48.3048.3148.30Temperature (oC)282828Actual volume (mL)48.5348.5448.53Average volume (mL)48.53Standard Deviation,0.007Relative standard deviation ,/0.000146DiscussionAccording to the tables above, when using 10mL p ipette, the actual volume delivered is 9.98mL and the standard deviation is 0.012. The lower the standard deviation, the higher the consistency of an instrument based in a physics book. Consistent measurements consist of readings that have little or no relative deviation among them. So, when the standard deviation is nearer to zero then this shows that the readings taken are consistent. In order to get a good accuracy, the experiments are make until trial 3. Temperature are remain consistent for all three trial for different glassware that 28C. This experiment expectation is that the glassware will be used to measure runnys at room temperature. Since liquids have a tendency to change volume (at the level of precision of calibrated instruments), then we want the liquid to be at the temperature we are most likely to use so that the calibration will have the most accuracy and we used water since it is caloric equilibrium in surrounding. Another factor that may interrupt the reading is parallax error during the experiment is held. In order to avoid parallax error is the glassware must be weight for another two times. Every scale on the reading instrument must be read properly, it may reduce the fact. The eye must be perpendicular to the reading scale on the same level as the bottom surface of the water meniscus to avoid parallax error. Besides, the weighing bottles are always being capped to avoid evaporation since it is important precaution.ConclusionBased on this experiment , we can conclude that this experiment are to study the calibration to measure the accuracy of volumetric glassware. This experiment also ensure the accuracy of the volumetric glassware for 10 ml and 25 ml pipette, 100 ml volumetric flask and 50ml measuring cylinderReferences*http//gula-gulakapassikecik.blogspot.com/2012/04/calibration-of-volumetric-glassware_24.html?m=1 * www.studymode.com * Lim Peng Chew, Lim Ching Chai, Nexus Bestari Physics, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd. , 2013, Pg 18,19